Thursday, May 30, 2013

...Exom Mobil states that: " The Planet is in Peril, why do much anything...! THIS IS AN OXYMORON statement...!







Business Briefing
ExxonMobil CEO: ‘What good is it to save the planet if humanity suffers?'
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/top-business-stories/exxonmobil-ceo-what-good-is-it-to-save-the-planet-if-humanity-suffers/article12258350/


[[["...
ExxonMobil on climate change
Some quotes are more memorable than others.
Here’s what the chief executive officer of ExxonMobil Corp. told shareholders yesterday:

“What good is it to save the planet if humanity suffers?”

Rex Tillerson was responding to issues raised by environmental activists, who, according to reports of the annual meeting, wanted the world’s biggest oil company to establish greenhouse gas emission targets.

Shareholders voted that down, by 3 to 1. They also nixed a proposal to ban discrimination where sexual orientation is concerned.

Mr. Tillerson, according to The Associated Press, said that cutting back on using oil would make it more difficult to help some billions of people living in poverty.

The CEO, according to the Houston Chronicle, agreed climate change is a major issue, but he questioned what activists say should be a goal of carbon in the atmosphere of less than 350 parts per million.

“We do not see a viable pathway with any known technology today to achieve the 350 outcome that is not devastating to economies, societies and peoples’ health and well-being around the world,” he said.

“So the real question is, do you want to keep arguing about that and pursuing something that cannot be achieved at costs that will be detrimental? Or do you want to talk about what’s the path we should be on and how do we mitigate and prepare for the consequences as they present themselves?“
..."]]]

______________________________________________

...my big questions are:

[-] why does humanity suffer...?
because of crazy humans, with the ancient economic social classes logic of poordom...!
and the use of vital oxigen with the burning of fuels, be they fossil non-renewable or organic renewable...!

[-] how can EXOM know and affirm, WHY SAVE THE PLANET...?
that is an oxymoron question, justifying "destruction"...!

WHAT IS WORSE THIS IS Exom Mobil, GOVERNMENTS SUBSIDIZED Planet destruction...!

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Tuesday, May 28, 2013

...manna from heaven bedouin jews, make more and more poor, in the promised land of palestine...!






TO THE GOD-JEHOVA of the Bedouins Jews-Hebrews of the 40Years in the Dessert, AND MANNA FROM HEAVEN...!
Report: Austerity measures to plunge 90,000 into poverty
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4385418,00.html


[[["...
National Security Institute warns expected budget cuts to widen socioeconomic gaps, drive additional 19,000 families into poverty
Omri Efraim
Published:     05.28.13, 18:18 / Israel News

A report published by the National Security Institute (NSI) on Tuesday warns that the expected cuts in the State Budget would plunge an additional 35,000 children into poverty.

The NSI said the austerity measures - including reduced child stipends, a 1% increase in the income tax and raising the VAT to 18% - would drive an additional 19,460 families into poverty (a 4.4% rise in the number of poor Israeli families). Some 90,000 people would fall into poverty as a result of the budget cuts, the report cautioned.

Related stories:
    Op-ed: The nastiest tax of all
    12,000 protest against Lapid's austerity measures
    Single moms 'doomed to life of poverty'

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development recently published a report saying one in five Israelis and one in three Israeli children live in poverty.

According to the NSI's director, while the expected austerity measures are aimed at reducing the deficit, the damage they would cause to families with children will be long-lasting. He said some 45,000 poor families would be affected by the measures.

Archive photo: Roni Schutzer

The report further determined that the bottom decile would suffer most from the proposed measures, as its disposable income would be reduced by 6.5%. The disposable income of the top decile, on the other hand, would decrease by only 1.4%.

The NSI report also stated that the Gini Index, which measures inequality, would increase by 1.3%. It warned that low-income families would be driven into poverty as a result of the expected drop in disposable income and the tax hikes.

The report criticized the government's decision to impose a health tax and subject housewives to a social security tax. It said the poverty rate among housewives was particularly high – more than double the poverty rate among the rest of Israel's population.

The NIS said all echelons of society would suffer financially from the budget cuts, but the lower echelons would suffer more. Thus, said the Institute, "the government's policy will widen the (socioeconomic) gaps."
..."]]]

_________________________________________

...manna from heaven Bedouin jews, make more and more poor, in the promised land of palestine...!

...THIS DOES NOT COMPLY WITH ANY LOGIC, OF A CARING PEOPLE OF GOD and the God of the Bible...!
BUDGET CUTS, IS ALSO A LOGIC HOAX, AS IS MAKING POOR...!

THE jews are as dirty nigger african countries, they make poor, and are selfish shit...!
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...hello world...! can this lander be hacked or interfered with...? MOONEXPRESS . com/org...!!!










MOON EXPRESS
http://www.ottawacitizen.com/technology/Telescope+will+allow+public+view+Earth+from+moon/8445935/story.html


 moonexpress.com

[[["...
MONTREAL - A telescope that is set to launch to the moon in 2015 will allow the public to go on the Internet and view the Earth from the lunar surface.

The privately funded telescope, known as the International Lunar Observatory precursor (ILO-X), was designed and built by Silicon Valley-based Moon Express Inc.

"It's citizen science on the moon and it's really a new model of public participation," Moon Express CEO Bob Richards told The Canadian Press on Tuesday.

"This will be a small, but very high-performance telescope on the moon that the public and scientists or professionals and amateurs alike will have access to over the Internet."

Read more: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/technology/Telescope+will+allow+public+view+Earth+from+moon/8445935/story.html#ixzz2UegTfTfm

..."]]]


_______________________________

info@moonexpress.com

...hello world...! can this lander be hacked or interfered with...?

Is there much dust on landing on the Moon!?

Secondly how can you ensure you are not landing on a rock or slant?

Then, would it be possible to land close to a Apollo to at least prove
them via your telescope?

If all else fails? What can stop your lander from not crash landing?

What is the trick to prove the telescope viewing, is not a programed image?

I will think of some more questions when we star getting all your lies!

George.

_____________________________

...and folks those are impressive lunar terrain photos for "starters"...!!!



WHY DO I DOUBT SO MUCH? BECAUSE OF THE BIBLE AND THE FALSE JEHOVA, ADAM & JESUS...!

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Monday, May 27, 2013

...THE ESCALATION OF THE ULTIMATE ULTRA SUM OF ALL FEARS . Nuclear Missiles. Manuals 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 !











THE ESCALATION OF THE ULTIMATE ULTRA SUM OF ALL FEARS . Nuclear Missiles.

Manuals 3, 4 & 5.


Russian old Silos: http://englishrussia.com/2009/06/03/russian-nuclear-silo/


Manual 1 & 2: [ http://abiteinthechunk.blogspot.ca/2013/04/the-ultimate-fear-state-of-atomic.html ; http://abiteinthechunk.blogspot.ca/2013/04/the-ultra-sum-zumsuma-of-all-fears.html ]

MANUAL 3 - NUCLEAR MISSILES
No Communications available with Air Force One,
President, Vice-President or other Government Civilians.
Silos isolated to local command in the Silos.

MANUAL 4 - NUCLEAR MISSILES
All Air Communications down with Satellites.
Other Radio communications could be at risk or faulty.

MANUAL 5 - NUCLEAR MISSILES
Some Ground or Marine forces with Nuclear Missiles,
have gone Rogue against their Country USA.

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...you cover all scenarios, and write a generic manual...! it is a matter of general military intelligence, and backup and fail safe systems...! ! !
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...the Bible story of paul and silas and modern Canadian "days"...!!! things might be getting worse here...!







PAUL & SILAS and Canada and B.C. Mental Health "detentions" with physical and psycholigical torture disciplines, and with no defense!

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=syj9LTH4wW-_kM&tbnid=9S-X7i4PkbTceM:&ved=&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lds.org%2Fliahona%2F2003%2F10%2Fpaul-and-silas-in-prison%3Flang%3Deng&ei=BoWjUfdt466JAtnSgMAC&bvm=bv.47008514,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNGuwLAi8nLB30sNEGfsXIeAbLZ1Yg&ust=1369757318391831

https://www.lds.org/liahona/2003/10/paul-and-silas-in-prison?lang=eng

http://mimschapelunitedmethodistchurch.blogspot.ca/2011/06/verse-for-today_29.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=paul+and+silas&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficial&client=seamonkey-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=1ISjUYr6I4OziwL3joDIDg&biw=1078&bih=521&sei=oIWjUefvNeazigLt9ID4Aw#facrc=_&imgrc=vbR3SKz7FYtyjM%3A%3BRgH_n_pW9dK3GM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252F4.bp.blogspot.com%252F-OzQiJDeRvV0%252FTgtLOidwVAI%252FAAAAAAAAKZU%252FehGxXSa9kUs%252Fs1600%252FPAUL%25252BAND%25252BSILAS.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmimschapelunitedmethodistchurch.blogspot.com%252F2011%252F06%252Fverse-for-today_29.html%3B590%3B450


Acts 15
22 Then the apostles and elders, with the whole church, decided to send men chosen from among them, Judas called Barsabbas and Silas, leaders among the brothers, to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas.
40 but Paul chose Silas and set out, commended to the grace of the Lord by the brothers and sisters.

Acts 16
19 But when her owners saw their hope of profit was gone, they seized Paul and Silas and dragged them into the marketplace before the authorities.
22 The crowd joined the attack against them, and the magistrates tore the clothes off Paul and Silas and ordered them to be beaten with rods.
25 About midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the rest of the prisoners were listening to them.
29 Calling for lights, the jailer rushed in and fell down trembling at the feet of Paul and Silas.

38 The police officers reported these words to the magistrates. They were frightened when they heard Paul and Silas were Roman citizens

Acts 17
4 Some of them were persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, along with a large group of God-fearing Greeks and quite a few prominent women.

5 But the Jews became jealous, and gathering together some worthless men from the rabble in the marketplace, they formed a mob and set the city in an uproar. They attacked Jason's house, trying to find Paul and Silas to bring them out to the assembly.
10 The brothers sent Paul and Silas off to Berea at once, during the night. When they arrived, they went to the Jewish synagogue.

14 Then the brothers sent Paul away to the coast at once, but Silas and Timothy remained in Berea.
15 Those who accompanied Paul escorted him as far as Athens, and after receiving an order for Silas and Timothy to come to him as soon as possible, they left.

Acts 18
5 Now when Silas and Timothy arrived from Macedonia, Paul became wholly absorbed with proclaiming the word, testifying to the Jews that Jesus was the Christ.

__________________________________________________


...the title and this blog say it all and if not all most of it...! : "...PAUL & SILAS and Canada and B.C. Mental Health "detentions" with physical and psychological torture disciplines, and with no defense!..."
Canada has laws and rules that it must ignore, are ancient, for "animals with no rights", and "that cannot defend themselves"...!

...if anybody in their "sane" minds, notices any similitude with this Bible story and Canada, can you please let them know...??? 


...so far i am managing to still live what you would call a "normal" life in Canada...! but the issues at stake, against my persona, could be incremental...!

___________________________________________________

BerBible is simplified Bible freeware with an easy learning curve because only the most used capabilities are implemented with the getting started 'Minimal Layout':
* lookup a specific verse (such as John 3:16)
* find verses with one or more words (super-concordance)

BerBible has tutorials for new and experienced users. There are menu-items within 'Help' to view the basic and extended tutorials online.

Context-sensitive-help can be shown for any toolbar button by 'hovering'. Get help for other controls by clicking on the "What's This" question-mark icon in the upper right and then clicking on what you want information about.

Version:        2.50.2
Build Date:    2009-Jan-05
Web Address:    http://www.berbible.org
EMail:        support@berbible.org
Copyright:    ©2003-2009 ... Lynn Allan
For His glory and honor. Vaya con Dios.

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Sunday, May 26, 2013

...to the people power...! the reasonable of the un-reasonable...!





For the reason of the un reasonable #1



http://book-of-purelogic.blogspot.ca/2013/05/for-reason-of-un-reasonable-1.html

TO the PEOPLE POWER

 Your privacy jeopardized, your copyrights, your sealed whatever closed tamper proof seals broken, top patent locks copied or surpassed with your keys or copies, your movements followed to up to 8 things to do to tamper with your locked office i.e. heat sophisticated viewing, some high level thought intrusion or reading, and you make it time consuming to get to everything, even with you being out with whatever aerial drug(s), these "weasels" can get into to your "sanctuary office"...!

 They tampered with one or two seals of proof of entry, and now they are at bay with everything with these seals. THE NEXT STEP IS TO DO A COMPLETE ONE TIME "INCURSION" TAMPERING ALL SEALS OF GUARANTEE of Privacy...! And fulfilling their objectives detrimental to my person...! The steps to recover such damages takes some days and further problems to me, if not worse...!

_____________________________________

Update for the 26th May 2013: The have shot themselves in the foot, escalating the attack on my person, by tampering IN STORE AND A REGISTERED LICENSED PHARMACY, with a Government approved Medication that is a life line, which is expended without a guarantee seal ...!!!

This is worse than IN STORE products tampering...!!!

FOLKS these druggies and systemics, do not have a mind of their own, they are stupid...!!!

So I must have been drugged in store while I was putting on my guarantee "signed" seal tamper proof, or the medication was tampered  with by a third party while on shelf in Pharmacy, or tampered with by a Pharmacist...!!!

ADDITIONALLY:

CANADA is supposed to be WEB OF TRUST :  TRUSTe ...!!!

TRUST WHAT...??? My neighbors, the R.C.M.P.  Police...???

Y STILL trust my Doctors and the Government of Canada...!!!
_____________________________________

 UPDATE 31 MAY 2013

One Pharmacy London Drugs manager counterfeited my very needed medication, and I have prepared a sketch of a Punitive LAW SUIT with the request of a criminal investigation!

The other Pharmacy played a delayed role of trying to do the same, until an added guarantee seal on the medication bottles was granted upon my request!

One Dr. denied to prescribe me this medication anymore, to my detriment!

Another Doctor agreed to do the correctives for me!

The second saving Pharmacy took quite some coaxing to supply me, as their numbers of supply quantities stated that I still had medication! Which I declared was wrong as new prescription showed, and that reality proved!

ALL THIS IS BRAINLESS "MONKEY" BUSINESS OF VERY IGNORANT PEOPLE...!
________________________________________


THE QUESTION(S) IS OR ARE, Can I make one completely secured safe, in which I could be the only one by memory to open not conventionally known...? Beyond or not including forceful damaging entry robbery - theft...! QUITE A PROBLEM HARD TO SOLVE...! THIS IS NOT EASY !

 SO HOW CAN I WIN AND not the "weasels"...?

 I AM THINKING, ANALYZING, THINKING...!
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________


Meanwhile the Theory of People Power enters into play !

 [-] Do you know what would happen if we all decided to tamper the seals of your electrical company meters...?
 [-] Do you know what would happen if we all decided to not have a telephone land line...?
 [-] Do you know what would happen if we all stopped buying gasoline...?
 Well the list goes on and on...!

 BELIEVE ME, GOVERNMENT DOES NOT GOVERN nor the Military , because if the people decided to do so, it would be us that governed...!

 SO folks our repressors [Government, Police, systemists/sistemics, etc...], and false lovers, that give us all really a bad life style, need to be taught some decency...!

 Why won't you do something, and join the people power...? Because everybody is mostly concerned with their own hides, and are scared to join a group and exert "normal" PEOPLE POWER...! THE CONSTITUTION ALLOWS AND DECLARES A RIGHT OF A HUMAN [ thus not Animals] TO ASSOCIATE FREELY...!

The bigger amount of people in the group or this group, the lesser they can do to anyone of us...!
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 Posted by  George Thomson     at  23:20

Friday, May 24, 2013

...zechariah and the mount of olives! and the canaanites...!





WHERE JESUS/Christ OR A MESSIAH IS SUPPOSED TO "DESCEND" TO, OR STAND ON...!?

ON THIS AGREE BOTH ORTHODOX OLD BIBLE TESTAMENT JEWS and Christian New Testament Bible believers...!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming
http://s292.photobucket.com/user/iam733_photos/media/_The-Second-Coming-of-Jesus-Christ-and-the-return-of-the-Church_.jpg.html

A prelude timeline:
[-] 144,000 "VIRGIN JEWS"...! 12,000 of every 14 JEW TRIBE...!!! I'll be darned...!, and the Lost Tribes of the Jews...??? And the JESUS/CHRIST/MESSIAH has not come yet to Earth...!
[-] THE ANTI-CHRIST AND 666 HAS TO COME FIRST BEFORE THE RETURN OF CHRIST TO EARTH...! Some believe otherwise of when...!?
[-] THE FINAL ARRIVAL OF CHRIST TO EARTH AGAIN...! And with "him" the 144,000 thousand virgins...! THE "CHASTITY" HOLY EXEMPLARY JESUS...!

[-] FINALLY A NEW HEAVEN AND EARTH, somewhere after in this timeline, of a God that cannot do things properly, and guarantees that for sure, now sin and evil will not happen again...!


IS ZECHARIAH 14:21 The reason of the Palestinian Apartheid by the Jews and no Plestinian State...?   
[[["...
Zechariah 14
___________________________________________
4 On that day his feet will stand on the Mount of Olives which lies to the east of Jerusalem, and the Mount of Olives will be split in half from east to west, leaving a great valley. Half the mountain will move northward and the other half southward.
___________________________________________

21 Every cooking pot in Jerusalem and Judah will become holy in the sight of the LORD who rules over all, so that all who offer sacrifices may come and use some of them to boil their sacrifices in them. On that day there will no longer be a Canaanite in the house of the LORD who rules over all.
..."]]]

[[["...
Revelation 4: The Amazing Scene in Heaven
1    After these things I looked, and there was a door standing open in heaven! And the first voice I had heard speaking to me like a trumpet said: "Come up here so that I can show you what must happen after these things."
2    Immediately I was in the Spirit, and a throne was standing in heaven with someone seated on it!
3    And the one seated on it was like jasper and carnelian in appearance, and a rainbow looking like it was made of emerald encircled the throne.
4    In a circle around the throne were twenty-four other thrones, and seated on those thrones were twenty-four elders. They were dressed in white clothing and had golden crowns on their heads.
5    From the throne came out flashes of lightning and roaring and crashes of thunder. Seven flaming torches, which are the seven spirits of God, were burning in front of the throne
6    and in front of the throne was something like a sea of glass, like crystal. In the middle of the throne and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes in front and in back.
7    The first living creature was like a lion, the second creature like an ox, the third creature had a face like a man's, and the fourth creature looked like an eagle flying.

THINGS TO HAPPEN : A Vision of "the Lord who was slain on a Throne in Heaven...who is to come...!
____________________________________________
8    Each one of the four living creatures had six wings and was full of eyes all around and inside. They never rest day or night, saying: "Holy Holy Holy is the Lord God, the All-Powerful, Who was and who is, and who is still to come!"
____________________________________________

9    And whenever the living creatures give glory, honor, and thanks to the one who sits on the throne, who lives forever and ever,
10    the twenty-four elders throw themselves to the ground before the one who sits on the throne and worship the one who lives forever and ever, and they offer their crowns before his throne, saying:
11    "You are worthy, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, since you created all things, and because of your will they existed and were created!"
..."]]]
________________________________________
[[["...
Revelation 7: The Sealing of the 144,000
1    After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back the four winds of the earth so no wind could blow on the earth, on the sea, or on any tree.
2    Then I saw another angel ascending from the east, who had the seal of the living God. He shouted out with a loud voice to the four angels who had been given permission to damage the earth and the sea:
3    "Do not damage the earth or the sea or the trees until we have put a seal on the foreheads of the servants of our God."
4    Now I heard the number of those who were marked with the seal, one hundred and forty-four thousand, sealed from all the tribes of the people of Israel:
5    From the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were sealed, from the tribe of Reuben, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Gad, twelve thousand,
6    from the tribe of Asher, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Naphtali, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Manasseh, twelve thousand,
7    from the tribe of Simeon, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Levi, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Issachar, twelve thousand,
8    from the tribe of Zebulun, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Joseph, twelve thousand, from the tribe of Benjamin, twelve thousand were sealed.
9    After these things I looked, and here was an enormous crowd that no one could count, made up of persons from every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb dressed in long white robes, and with palm branches in their hands.
10    They were shouting out in a loud voice, "Salvation belongs to our God, to the one seated on the throne, and to the Lamb!"
11    And all the angels stood there in a circle around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures, and they threw themselves down with their faces to the ground before the throne and worshiped God,
12    saying, "Amen! Praise and glory, and wisdom and thanksgiving, and honor and power and strength be to our God for ever and ever. Amen!"
13    Then one of the elders asked me, "These dressed in long white robes --- who are they and where have they come from?"
14    So I said to him, "My lord, you know the answer." Then he said to me, "These are the ones who have come out of the great tribulation. They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb!
15    For this reason they are before the throne of God, and they serve him day and night in his temple, and the one seated on the throne will shelter them.
16    They will never go hungry or be thirsty again, and the sun will not beat down on them, nor any burning heat,
17    because the Lamb in the middle of the throne will shepherd them and lead them to springs of living water, and God will wipe away every tear from their eyes."
..."]]]
________________________________________

THE ANTI-CHRIST AND 666 HAS TO COME FIRST BEFORE THE RETURN OF CHRIST TO EARTH...!
Some believe otherwise of when...!?


[[["...
Revelation 13: The Two Beasts
1    And the dragon stood on the sand of the seashore. Then I saw a beast coming up out of the sea. It had ten horns and seven heads, and on its horns were ten diadem crowns, and on its heads a blasphemous name.
2    Now the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear's, and its mouth was like a lion's mouth. The dragon gave the beast his power, his throne, and great authority to rule.
3    One of the beast's heads appeared to have been killed, but the lethal wound had been healed. And the whole world followed the beast in amazement;
4    they worshiped the dragon because he had given ruling authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast too, saying: "Who is like the beast?" and "Who is able to make war against him?"
5    The beast was given a mouth speaking proud words and blasphemies, and he was permitted to exercise ruling authority for forty-two months.
6    So the beast opened his mouth to blaspheme against God --- to blaspheme both his name and his dwelling place, that is, those who dwell in heaven.
7    The beast was permitted to go to war against the saints and conquer them. He was given ruling authority over every tribe, people, language, and nation,
8    and all those who live on the earth will worship the beast, everyone whose name has not been written since the foundation of the world in the book of life belonging to the Lamb who was killed.
9    If anyone has an ear, he had better listen!
10    If anyone is meant for captivity, into captivity he will go. If anyone is to be killed by the sword, then by the sword he must be killed. This requires steadfast endurance and faith from the saints.
11    Then I saw another beast coming up from the earth. He had two horns like a lamb, but was speaking like a dragon.
12    He exercised all the ruling authority of the first beast on his behalf, and made the earth and those who inhabit it worship the first beast, the one whose lethal wound had been healed.
13    He performed momentous signs, even making fire come down from heaven in front of people
14    and, by the signs he was permitted to perform on behalf of the beast, he deceived those who live on the earth. He told those who live on the earth to make an image to the beast who had been wounded by the sword, but still lived.
15    The second beast was empowered to give life to the image of the first beast so that it could speak, and could cause all those who did not worship the image of the beast to be killed.
16    He also caused everyone (small and great, rich and poor, free and slave) to obtain a mark on their right hand or on their forehead.
17    Thus no one was allowed to buy or sell things unless he bore the mark of the beast --- that is, his name or his number.
18    This calls for wisdom: Let the one who has insight calculate the beast's number, for it is man's number, and his number is 666.
..."]]]
________________________________________

THE FINAL ARRIVAL OF CHRIST TO EARTH AGAIN...! And with "him" the 144,000 thousand virgins...!

[[["...
Revelation 14: An Interlude: The Song of the 144,000
1    Then I looked, and here was the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with him were one hundred and forty-four thousand, who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads.
2    I also heard a sound coming out of heaven like the sound of many waters and like the sound of loud thunder. Now the sound I heard was like that made by harpists playing their harps,
3    and they were singing a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders. No one was able to learn the song except the one hundred and forty-four thousand who had been redeemed from the earth.
4    These are the ones who have not defiled themselves with women, for they are virgins. These are the ones who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These were redeemed from humanity as firstfruits to God and to the Lamb,
5    and no lie was found on their lips; they are blameless.
Three Angels and Three Messages
6    Then I saw another angel flying directly overhead, and he had an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth --- to every nation, tribe, language, and people.
7    He declared in a loud voice: "Fear God and give him glory, because the hour of his judgment has arrived, and worship the one who made heaven and earth, the sea and the springs of water!"
8    A second angel followed the first, declaring: "Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great city! She made all the nations drink of the wine of her immoral passion."
9    A third angel followed the first two, declaring in a loud voice: "If anyone worships the beast and his image, and takes the mark on his forehead or his hand,
10    that person will also drink of the wine of God's anger that has been mixed undiluted in the cup of his wrath, and he will be tortured with fire and sulfur in front of the holy angels and in front of the Lamb.
11    And the smoke from their torture will go up forever and ever, and those who worship the beast and his image will have no rest day or night, along with anyone who receives the mark of his name."
12    This requires the steadfast endurance of the saints --- those who obey God's commandments and hold to their faith in Jesus.
13    Then I heard a voice from heaven say, "Write this:  'Blessed are the dead, those who die in the Lord from this moment on!'" "Yes," says the Spirit, "so they can rest from their hard work, because their deeds will follow them."
14    Then I looked, and a white cloud appeared, and seated on the cloud was one like a son of man! He had a golden crown on his head and a sharp sickle in his hand.
15    Then another angel came out of the temple, shouting in a loud voice to the one seated on the cloud, "Use your sickle and start to reap, because the time to reap has come, since the earth's harvest is ripe!"
16    So the one seated on the cloud swung his sickle over the earth, and the earth was reaped.
17    Then another angel came out of the temple in heaven, and he too had a sharp sickle.
18    Another angel, who was in charge of the fire, came from the altar and called in a loud voice to the angel who had the sharp sickle, "Use your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of grapes off the vine of the earth, because its grapes are now ripe."
19    So the angel swung his sickle over the earth and gathered the grapes from the vineyard of the earth and tossed them into the great winepress of the wrath of God.
20    Then the winepress was stomped outside the city, and blood poured out of the winepress up to the height
..."]]]

_______________________________________

...simply the Book of Revelations/Apocalypse is "un-fulfillable" and logic crap...! Apparently a nice story, but only a "IMAGINATION-DREAM", and really is "meaningless"...!

Deaths and destruction surely will come, but not because on any of the reasons of the Bible...!

...JESUS.CHRIST OR WHOEVER HE WAS, will not put his feet on the Mount Of Olives or Zion ever again...!

...YOU CANNOT FIND A BETTER "MESSIAH" OF THE JEWS THAN THE AMERICANS/U.S.A....!

...this one verse plus many others, can and will render the BIBLE as ILLEGAL at least for Government usage and ACADEMIA recognition...!
I WILL SOON PROCEED on the Hate speech and ANTI-PALESTINIASM, rendering anti-semitism as really a Government racism...!
THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA is illegal in using the Bible, and any anti-semitism case in Court is futile! THEY ARE ANTI-CANAANITES...!
The asshole that RCMP closed his anti-Semitic website down and is in COURT is under "ignorant wreckless, naive stupid" Judges of Canada, that do not have even the I.Q. of reading the Bible they swear over...!


My Book of Pure Logic is not anti-anything, much less "hate speech or blasphemy", as it is true and correct analysis, that could be partial or faulty logic! But do not count on it being faulty or false...!
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Wednesday, May 22, 2013

...oklahoma [oakla-homa], more[moore] damages than any normal intelligent human society would take...!











Oklahoma tornado damage could top $2 billion

A SONG FROM BILLY HILMAN FOR Oklahoma and "Moore"...!
http://youtu.be/5FKLK-sbBWA
http://youtu.be/brVB_WOge38
http://www.cowboylyrics.com/lyrics/gilman-billy/oklahoma-4546.html

_______________________________________________
""" Suitcase packed with all his things
Car pulls up, the doorbell rings
He don't wanna go
He thought he'd found his home
But with circumstances he can't change
Waves goodbye as they pull away
From the life he's known
For the last 7 months or so

She said "we've found a man who looks like you
Who cried and said he never knew
About the boy in pictures that we showed him
A rambler in his younger days
He knew he'd made a few mistakes
But he swore he would have been there
Had he known it
Son we think we found your dad in Oklahoma

A million thoughts raced through his mind
What's his name, what's he like
And will he be
Anything like the man in his dreams
She could see the questions in his eyes
Whispered "don't be scared my child"
I will let you know
What we know

About the man we found
He looks like you
Who cried and said he never knew
About the boy in pictures that we showed him
A rambler in his younger days
He knew he'd made a few mistakes
But he swore he would have been there
Had he known it
You always said this was something that you wanted
Son it's time to meet your dad in Oklahoma

One last turn he held his breath
Till they reached the faint house on the left
And all at once the tears came rollin in
And as they pulled into the drive
The man was waiting there outside
He wiped the worry from his eyes
Smiled and took his hand
And he said

I'm the man who looks like you
Who cried because I never knew
About the boy in pictures that they showed me
Oh a rambler in my younger days
I knew I'd made a few mistakes
But I swear I would have been there
Had I known it
Never again will you ever be alone
Son welcome to your home in Oklahoma """
_________________________________________________



7:10 AM Thursday May 23, 2013
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10885567
http://www.timescolonist.com/news/world/preliminary-estimate-puts-oklahoma-tornado-damage-at-2-billion-13-000-homes-damaged-ruined-1.227721


[[["...
The tornado that tore through an Oklahoma City suburb destroyed or damaged as many as 13,000 homes and may have caused US$2 billion in overall damage, officials said.

State authorities meanwhile said two infants were among the 24 people who perished in the twister.

Oklahoma Insurance Department spokeswoman Calley Herth told The Associated Press that the early monetary damage tally is based on visual assessments of the extensive disaster zone that stretches more than 27 kilometres and the fact that the tornado was on the ground for 40 minutes.

The financial cost of the tornado in Moore could be greater than the US$2 billion in damage from the 2011 tornado that killed 161 people in Joplin, Mo., Herth said, adding that the Joplin twister left a smaller trail of destruction.
..."]]]

____________________________

...13,000 homes flattened and 2 Billion damages, is nothing for a "rich capitalist" country, you would say...!
BUT NO...! More[moore] or less 50% of the 13,000 homes will not be rebuilt any time soon, and their inhabitants will probably down-grade in "social class"...!

Meaning that is a fallacy in logic that wooden housing gives more work in rebuilding! IT SURE DOES! THEY GET DESTROYED FOR EVER...!
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Tuesday, May 21, 2013

...why Curiosity on Mars is merely a nice story...!? well lets see why other than that they have not offered yet a return trip possibility...!






PURE LOGIC PROOF of Curiosity being on MARS...!

...why Curiosity on Mars is merely a nice story...!?
...well lets see why other than that they have not offered yet a return trip possibility...!


- IN PURE LOGIC, the partial but not complete proof of Curiosity being on MARS, would be public attested... [next tweet...]
- [from previous tweet...] ...code of the signal sent from Mars, that could not be easily replicated!
- So really the presence of CURIOSITY on MARS is merely a story as to real proof may be...!
- It is hard to have faith and believe, when the USA & NASA make up so many stories, run a surreal economy..., etc...!


__________________________________
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p>@<a href="https://twitter.com/marscuriosity">marscuriosity</a>
IN PURE LOGIC, the partial but not complete proof of Curiosity being on MARS, would be public attested... [next tweet...]
</p>&mdash; George F.T. (@abiteinthechunk)
<a href="https://twitter.com/abiteinthechunk/status/336938615689076736">May 21, 2013</a></blockquote>
<script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>


<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p>@<a href="https://twitter.com/marscuriosity">marscuriosity</a>
[from previous tweet...] ...code of the signal sent from Mars, that could not be easily replicated!
</p>&mdash; George F.T. (@abiteinthechunk)
<a href="https://twitter.com/abiteinthechunk/status/336938816269078528">May 21, 2013</a></blockquote>
<script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>


<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p>@<a href="https://twitter.com/marscuriosity">marscuriosity</a>
So really the presence of CURIOSITY on MARS is merely a story as to real proof may be...!
</p>&mdash; George F.T. (@abiteinthechunk)
<a href="https://twitter.com/abiteinthechunk/status/336939005268594689">May 21, 2013</a></blockquote>
<script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p>@<a href="https://twitter.com/marscuriosity">marscuriosity</a>
It is hard to have faith and believe, when the USA &amp; NASA make up so many stories, run a surreal economy..., etc...!
</p>&mdash; George F.T. (@abiteinthechunk)
<a href="https://twitter.com/abiteinthechunk/status/336940263660462080">May 21, 2013</a></blockquote>
<script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
__________________________________


...additionally to waste your time on stories, is merely a minds exercize to see which is the next "lie or story"...!

You see we are little kids that cannot be told truths and Santa Clauss soothes us...!
Military or Science secrets, of common knowledge and common sense, are as the Bible to ancient Catholics that could not be read...!
Military or Science Secrets, would be the specifics and particular numbers...!
Which I do not have...!

It is like an Atomic Nuclear Bomb, which we all know is not anti-matter, but the secrets are the particulars and specifics...!

To theorize on Military Nuclear Security, is what I can do...! I do not have their particular manuals of action or whatever...!
Why?
Because that is what "modern publishers" do, for the reader's fun and entertainment, and why not yours also...!
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...more of Asured Worlds doom...! the false "panacea" of crude oil...!






The Deep Sea Dive for 100 Billion Barrels of Oil

http://www.bloomberg.com/video/100-billion-barrels-brazil-strikes-oil-gold-aw~je6LrQvmc2zYYW_pI_w.html?cmpid=taboola.video


[[["...
May 17 (Bloomberg) -- As part of Bloomberg's "The Real Brazil" special series, Trish Regan investigates Brazil's immense oil reserves, and explains how General Electric is developing new technology in an attempt to extract it from beneath the ocean floor. (Source: Bloomberg)
..."]]]


____________________

...more of World's guaranteed doom...! Ocean Sea Level rise for a paralization of a lot if not most of World Economy...!
Plus the Environment consequences...!

Such technology, for self-destruction, shows more than a non-sense intelligence...!
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Monday, May 20, 2013

...anagrammatt for "victoria day"...!




Anagrammatt for "victoria day"...!


...anything i could say would be worthless to express my "admiration" for the community where in "live" in...!

...i would find few words i have not said...!

...you would find it hard to find new words to say anything to them or of them...!

I thought Venezuelans where exclusively of a "pervasive" loosing mind...!

These "Canadians" or most that i know of and don't, have a more exclusive "mind of theirs"...!
They find a reason un-reasonable for everything they do to you or anybody...! They do have to do something to you...!

Because then you will get into some trouble, even if they did not escape as usual getting into the trouble they generally make for "you"...!
I DO NOT KNOW HOW CANADIANS CAN BE ADULTS AND DEAL WITH PROBLEMS WITHOUT THEIR CHILDISH R.C.M.P. CONTROL OF THEM, mental health forceful detentions", "SOLVING" THEIR PETTY PROBLEMS, WHEN THEY TRAVEL...!!!
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...cicadas came to this world to "sing making a big noise"...! it was not for sin or evil...!











U.S. braces for ‘Swarmageddon’ as billions of cicadas expected to emerge after 17 years underground

The ear-splitting chorus can reach 90 decibels – comparable to a pneumatic drill.


Philip Sherwell, The Telegraph | 13/05/19 8:55 PM ET
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/19/u-s-braces-for-swarmageddon-as-billions-of-cicadas-expected-to-emerge-after-17-years-underground/



[[["...
America’s East Coast is bracing for a cacophonous summer as hordes of flying insects emerge for a once-in-a-generation phenomenon popularly known as “Swarmageddon”.

After 17 years underground growing from larva to bug, billions of cicadas are about to revel in the final four climactic weeks of their unusual life cycle.

At some point over the next few weeks, when the temperature at eight feet below ground reaches a steady 64F, the nymphs, as juvenile cicadas are called, will scramble out of the ground.

AP Photo/The Free Lance-Star, Dave EllisSeventeen-year Brood II cicadas emerge in the Leavells Crossing neighborhood in Spotsylvania, Va., on Thursday, May 16, 2013. The first cicadas have officially arrived in Virginia for the 2013 season.

They will then embark on their noisy, short-lived adult life in pursuit of a mate. Males flex their tymbals, drum-like organs in their abdomens, making a distinctive clicking sound. Female cicadas answer by snapping their wings.

The ear-splitting chorus can reach 90 decibels – comparable to a pneumatic drill.

After the females lay their eggs, the parents soon expire. The eggs hatch later in the year and the young fall to the ground and burrow down, not be to seen – or heard from – for another 17 years.

Cicadas have already emerged in southern states. But the great – and for some gross – encounter between man and insect in America’s most populous region, the 900-mile north-east corridor that runs from Washington through Philadelphia and New York to Boston, is expected to begin by the end of this month or early June.

The bugs cover trees, shrubbery, house facades, even car tires. They are benign if intrusive creatures – they do not sting, bite or harm crops. Even so, for some, it will be seen as a plague of biblical proportions. Veterans of previous invasions are planning to flee to the beach or the cities – cicada-unfriendly terrain.

Other broods emerge on different geographic 17-year cycles in the eastern US, including the one that swamped Washington in 2004. In a memorable moment captured by photographers, President George W Bush was pursued up the steps to Air Force One by a cicada.

Scott Olson/Getty Images FileCicadas in a forest preserve in Willow Springs, Illinois.

Swarmageddon is prompting advice ranging from investing in noise-reducing earphones to not mowing the lawn during the day, as cicadas can mistake the sound of power tools for mating calls.

Other advice includes thinking of them as the “shrimp of the earth”, and treating them accordingly: by eating them.

..."]]]

__________________________________________________________

COMMENTS :


CrossWinds • 15 hours ago
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/19/u-s-braces-for-swarmageddon-as-billions-of-cicadas-expected-to-emerge-after-17-years-underground/#
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/19/u-s-braces-for-swarmageddon-as-billions-of-cicadas-expected-to-emerge-after-17-years-underground/#comment-903265309


There is a different swarmageddon of locusts coming.........
Turn to the Lord Jesus today, who suffered and died, to spare you from the wrath to come.........

.......Revelation 9:2-5........

2 And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit, as the smoke of a great furnace; and the sun and the air were darkened by reason of the smoke of the pit.
3 And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power.
4 And it was commanded them that they should not hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree; but only those men which have not the seal of God in their foreheads.
5 And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months: and their torment was as the torment of a scorpion, when he striketh a man.
------------------------------------------------
 
George F.T. CrossWinds • in a few seconds

Hey bro. are you preaching or proselytizing...? Because I do not know of anything worse than no manna and death by hunger...! Especially when it is proven your god is bogus...! 


George F.T. CrossWinds • 14 minutes ago

    Not exactly bro...! The Bible is their own self fulfillment doom ! And Christians will be burned once more, in anger for their God not saving them!


_________________________________
A.Outrage CrossWinds • 6 hours ago
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/19/u-s-braces-for-swarmageddon-as-billions-of-cicadas-expected-to-emerge-after-17-years-underground/#
http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/19/u-s-braces-for-swarmageddon-as-billions-of-cicadas-expected-to-emerge-after-17-years-underground/#comment-903265309


Religion: "...And he opened the bottomless pit; and there arose a smoke out of the pit....blah, blah, blah"

Science: "After 17 years underground growing from larva to bug, billions of cicadas are about to revel in the final four climactic weeks of their unusual life cycle."

Religion: "...And there came out of the smoke locusts upon the earth: and unto them was given power, as the scorpions of the earth have power, blah, blah, blah... fire and brimstone....blah, blah, blah."

Science: "After the females lay their eggs, the parents soon expire. The eggs hatch later in the year and the young fall to the ground and burrow down, not be to seen – or heard from – for another 17 years."

Religion: "And to them it was given that they should not kill them, but that they should be tormented five months, blah, blah, blah....burn in hell you heathen apostate!."

Science: Posit theories, research, experimentation, study, published findings, peer review, education, knowledge, understanding, evidence = rational.

Religion: Fairytales, legend, miracles, illiteracy, fear, punishment, worship, mythology, believe it or else!, no evidence = irrational.
-----------------------------------------
    George F.T. A.Outrage • 7 minutes ago

    Religion: the god of the Bible made cicadas so that they would be the only insects to come and sing to us every 17 years!

    Science: 17 years of pupae is a Evolutionary process of self preservation! It is safer under ground! Birds and humans destroy or eat cicadas! Moles might eat them when in the ground!

    Pure Logic: Cicadas are proof that when you make a organic insect robot, it generally takes 17 years only for them to come out of the ground! As that is the time frame you made it for...!

______________________________________________


"Religion: the god of the Bible made cicadas so that they would be the only insects to come and sing…"
https://twitter.com/abiteinthechunk/status/336567593236320256

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p>
"Religion: the god of the Bible made cicadas so that they would be the only insects to come and sing…"
— George F.T. <a href="http://t.co/blgKOsxpNV" title="http://disq.us/8d6958">disq.us/8d6958</a></p>&mdash;
George F.T. (@abiteinthechunk) <a href="https://twitter.com/abiteinthechunk/status/336567593236320256">
May 20, 2013</a></blockquote>
<script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

------------------------------------------------------------------------

EVOLUTIONISTS and crap Christian religions: 
"Hey bro. Irrational = a irrational source of Rationality, i.e. Mother nature, or rational/irrational pure logic ?

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...tornadoes and destruction of crappy logic wood English housing...!












Deadly tornadoes slam U.S. Plains, Midwest (with photos)


By Sean Murphy, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS May 20, 2013 8:06 AM
http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Deadly+tornadoes+slam+Plains+Midwest+with+photos/8409179/story.html?tab=PHOT

____________________________________

...only wrong logic of the English would build wooden housing, on the premise of recycling work, which is wrong until you can re-build no more, the capitalism run out of money...!

...it is proof of New Orleans, and devastated USA towns, that they are not rebuilt! And that most people are displaced and loose they life style to worse conditions!
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Saturday, May 18, 2013

...first quantum computing, made inside Canada! D-Wave...!










NASA, Google buy quantum computer from B.C. firm
CBCCBC – 10 hours ago

http://ca.news.yahoo.com/nasa-google-buy-quantum-computer-b-c-firm-203131847.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Wave_Systems
http://www.dwavesys.com/en/dw_homepage.html


[[["...

A quantum computer has been purchased from Burnaby, B.C.-based D-Wave Systems by a NASA-led group that aims to solve problems requiring creativity — something that conventional computers aren't good at.

The D-Wave Two is currently being installed at the new Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., and should be up and running this fall, D-Wave announced Thursday.

The lab is a collaboration among NASA, Google and the Universities Space Research Association, who expect to use the quantum computer to tackle problems related to machine learning, web searching, speech recognition, planning and scheduling, searching for exoplanets, and supporting operations in mission control centres. The USRA will also make the system available to other U.S. academic institutions.

"We are extremely pleased to make this announcement," said Vern Brownell, CEO of D-Wave in a statement.

"Three world class organizations and their research teams will use the D-Wave Two to develop real world applications and to support research from leading academic institutions. This joint effort shows that quantum computing has expanded beyond the theoretical realm and into the worlds of business and technology."

Quantum computers store data in units called qubits, analogous to the bits used in conventional computers. But while each conventional bit stores information as either 1 or 0, qubits make use of quantum mechanics — laws of physics that apply only to very small particles such as atoms — to encode information as both 1 and 0 at the same time.

That property, known as superposition, means quantum computers with a given number of qubits can store exponentially more information compared to conventional computers with the same number of bits, and are better at certain types of operations and problems.

Quantum computing is still an emerging technology, however, and D-Wave's products are among very few on the market.

The D-Wave Two has 512 qubits, making it considerably more powerful than its predecessor and the company's first commercial quantum computer, the 128-bit D-Wave One.

In a post Thursday on the Google Research blog, Hartmut Neven, Google's director of engineering, said the company believes quantum computing "may help solve some of the most challenging computer problems."

In particular, Neven said, quantum computers have potential in a branch of artificial intelligence called machine learning that is used to build computer models of real-world phenomena such as climate.

"Machine learning is highly difficult," Neven wrote. "That's because building a good model is really a creative act."

He likened it to the problem solving that an architect needs to do when designing a house while balancing constraints such as budget, usage requirements and space limitations.

"Classical computers aren't well-suited to these types of creative problems," Neven said.

He added that Google researchers have already developed some machine learning algorithms for quantum computers and learned that a mix of quantum and classical computing generates the best results.

According to D-Wave, the D-Wave Two had to pass a series of benchmarks and tests before installation, and "met or exceeded the required performance specifications, in some cases by a large margin."

D-Wave sold its first quantum computer, the D-Wave One, to defence and advanced technology company Lockheed Martin in 2011, allowing it to bill itself as "the world's first commercial quantum computing company." Lockheed Martin upgraded to a D-Wave Two earlier this year.

The potential of quantum computing technology has captured the attention of BlackBerry co-founders Mike Laziridis and Doug Fregin, who launched a $100-million private fund in March to boost the development of Canada's fledgling quantum computing industry.

..."]]]

_________________________________________

...This bigger than a person assembled Quantum Computer D-Wave Two, is proof that Science and Physics has much more to give, and there is more to Life than what we believe or know about...!

The human mind is trying to be modeled with these Quantum Computers and Other Mega Size Standard Computers...!

The dualist nature of the mind[mater-and un-known] and brain is quite a problem in Philosophy and Cognitive Science! And is in which I have to do more studies and purchase of further Text Books...!

These complexities beg big questions as to truths and logics of Life...! 



NOW FOLKS AS TO BIG BAD PAPA DIOS and a only Son, to judge you after life...! Is far fetched and makes no sense! Why receive more of less "eternal damnation" for...? UTTERLY RIDICULOUS!!!


Simply or you are condemned or not for not believing in Jesus and his "nutty" Father, IS MORE THAN BAD ENOUGH, AND "FATUOUSLY" RIDICULOUS...!
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Thursday, May 16, 2013

...jews commonly known general character...! greedy avaricious heartless stinking "arabs"...!





Israel's Poverty Rate The Highest In Developed World
Posted: 05/15/2013 1:26 pm EDT  |  Updated: 05/15/2013 1:29 pm EDT
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/15/israel-poverty-rate-highest-in-developed-world-oecd_n_3279666.html?utm_hp_ref=canada&ir=Canada




[[["...
Israel has the highest poverty rate in the developed world, Haaretz concludes based on a new study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The newspaper notes that with a poverty rate of 20.9 percent, Israel scores lowest out of 34 economically developed countries. The country also has one of the biggest gaps between its rich and poor in the developed world .

In the new report on income inequality, the OECD writes that data indicate economic crises have lowered incomes and capital in most countries. In addition, the organization concludes that inequality has increased more in the past three years than in the previous 12.

    Many countries entered the global economic crisis already facing the highest levels of income inequality since OECD records began. With higher unemployment and lower returns from capital, the crisis not only weighted heavily on incomes from work and capital but also made their distribution more unequal.

Only Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the U.S. precede Israel when it comes to income inequality rates, the study indicates. Nordic and Central European countries have the least income inequality.
..."]]]

_____________________________________

...the fame of jews humanitarian heart, and sickening "greed", and , is proven once again...!

Proven bad fame of Jews! Usury, excessive "greed", avarice; covetousness, most selfish, and treacherous tricky cowards...! Nutty Old Testament Bible!

And I am not a hater of human species or of races...!

The Rich as segregationists of poor and peasants, as Jews are of them plus to the Palestinians...! You can ask any Jew if Palestinians are inferior...!
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Wednesday, May 15, 2013

...anagrammatt: Keystone and Canada West proposed "Crude" "Pipeline"...!





...which is the price of crude oil breaking point for the economy ...!

Noooo...! the free market competition drives the prices...! BULL SHIT...!
Not entirely, nor completely...! IT IS GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIZED...! Blaaaaaaaaaa...!


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Tuesday, May 14, 2013

...already condemned and no other beliefs...!







Condemned Already for not believing! You make Jesus/God a liar!

Condemned for preaching a different Gospel!

Thus condemned to Hell!

Conquering Power and faith...!?


John 3
18 The one who believes in him is not condemned.
The one who does not believe has been condemned
already, because he has not believed in the name of
the one and only Son of God.

John 20
29 Jesus said to him, "Have you believed because
you have seen me? Blessed are the people who
have not seen and yet have believed."

1 John 5
This is the conquering power that has conquered the
world: our faith.
5 Now who is the person who has conquered the
world except the one who believes that Jesus is the
Son of God?
6 Jesus Christ is the one who came by water and
blood --- not by the water only, but by the water and
the blood. And the Spirit is the one who testifies,
because the Spirit is the truth.
7 For there are three that testify,
8 the Spirit and the water and the blood, and these
three are in agreement.
9 If we accept the testimony of men, the testimony
of God is greater, because this is the testimony of
God that he has testified concerning his Son.
10 (The one who believes in the Son of God has
the testimony in himself; the one who does not
believe God has made him a liar, because he has
not believed in the testimony that God has testified
concerning his Son.)
11 And this is the testimony: God has given us
eternal life, and this life is in his Son.
12 The one who has the Son has this eternal life;
the one who does not have the Son of God does
not have this eternal life.

John 5
24 "I tell you the solemn truth, the one who hears
my message and believes the one who sent me
has eternal life and will not be condemned, but
has crossed over from death to life.

Galatians 1
8 But even if we (or an angel from heaven) should
preach a gospel contrary to the one we preached to
you, let him be condemned to hell!

9 As we have said before, and now I say again,
if any one is preaching to you a gospel contrary
to what you received, let him be condemned to
hell!

2 Thessalonians 2
12 And so all of them who have not believed
the truth but have delighted in evil will be
condemned.

Mark 16
16 The one who believes and is baptized will be
saved, but the one who does not believe will be
condemned.

John 5
29 and will come out --- the ones who have
done what is good to the resurrection resulting in
life, and the ones who have done what is evil
to the resurrection resulting in condemnation.




_______________________________________________


...you make God/Jesus a liar, for not believing! WHERE DID YOUR SELF-DETERMINATION GO TO?
Condemned for preaching a different Gospel, thus believing another Religion!
THIS COUNTERS  FREEDOMS OF RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS AND COMMON LAWS!
HENCE THE BIBLE IS TECHNICALLY "ILLEGAL"...! It does not comply with Laws and common sense!

HOW CAN THIS GOD BE THE ONLY ONE, WITH SUCH LOGIC of DRACONIAN LOGIC?
To believe and make a hell an lake of fire and eternal damnation...!

HOW CAN ANY GOVERNMENT "SWEAR" OVER THIS BIBLE?
HOW CAN ANYBODY STUDY THIS IN ACADEMIA TO EVEN A LEVEL OF PhD, being so void of "common sense", contrary to the Faculties of Law and Philosophy...?

DOES anybody know where "Hell" is...?
I do not know of a worse hell than the hell "intelligent" humans and Governments have made of this life!

The sad most or highly probable truth!
[-] If it narrates of a draconian resurrection to "automatic no second chance", and "already" condemnation for "merely not believing" and exclusive for a few "believers" to life in heaven, we get the verdict!
 

[-] And we cannot all be sinners by blood, minds, and from our parents, or as said: Adan and Eve! Draconian God rules and the Apostles writings, disprove this kind of resurrection, to a hell that cannot be accepted logic! It is too extreme! Too much time! Too much suffering beyond this life's suffering!
THIS IS WHY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, invented the "purgatory", on the basis of a second chance, and not so extreme...!


[-] A true Resurrection would be to a much more intelligent number of Gods and with much better logic...!

THIS BIBLE RESURRECTION AFTER DEATH, IS "hokus pokus" BOGUS...!
SORRY WORLD, YOU HAVE BEEN DUPED...! AND POLITICIANS DO NOT WANT YOU TO HAVE THIS ANALYSIS NOR MY BOOKS!
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...Secrets of the Moon! Merely Science...!












Moon and it's secrets!
Military Secrets or obvious truths that only need hiding from "childish obscurantist adults"...!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon
http://abiteinthechunk.blogspot.ca/2013/05/moon-wilipediaorg.html


[[["...
SYNCHRONOUS ROTATION ! One turn, at once around the Earth!
The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth,[d][7] and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary,[e] having 27% the diameter and 60% the density of Earth, resulting in 1⁄81 its mass. The Moon is the second densest satellite after Io, a satellite of Jupiter.

The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face with its near side marked by dark volcanic maria that fill between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters. It is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with a reflectance similar to that of coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have, since ancient times, made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art and mythology. The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and the minute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses. This matching of apparent visual size is a coincidence. The Moon's linear distance from the Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.82±0.07cm per year, but this rate is not constant.[8]

..."]]]
[[["...
NO ATMOSPHERE - near vacuum !
The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum, with a total mass of less than 10 metric tons.[83] The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 × 10−15 atm (0.3 nPa); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, the release of atoms from the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions.[6][84] Elements that have been detected include sodium and potassium, produced by sputtering, which are also found in the atmospheres of Mercury and Io; helium-4 from the solar wind; and argon-40, radon-222, and polonium-210, outgassed after their creation by radioactive decay within the crust and mantle.[85][86] The absence of such neutral species (atoms or molecules) as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and magnesium, which are present in the regolith, is not understood.[85] Water vapour has been detected by Chandrayaan-1 and found to vary with latitude, with a maximum at ~60–70 degrees; it is possibly generated from the sublimation of water ice in the regolith.[87] These gases can either return into the regolith due to the Moon's gravity or be lost to space, either through solar radiation pressure or, if they are ionized, by being swept away by the solar wind's magnetic field.[85]

..."]]]


__________________________________


...so folks the obvious is to, "NO ROTATION" WITH a synchronous rotation, and "NO ATMOSPHERE-near space vacuum", is that:

[-] THERE CANNOT BE ANY WINDS ON THE MOON! IT WOULD LOOSE SOME OF THE REFLECTIVE CAPACITY IT HAS, thus so close!
[-] IT WOULD BE BLURRED WITH DUST STORMS, as Mars or Jupiter, etc!
[-] SO MUCH DUST BLOWN AROUND WOULD ESCAPE TO SPACE, WITH A SPACE LANDING! AND WOULD MAKE LIKE A VOLCANIC PLUME MORE THAN VISIBLE FROM EARTH! IF NOT WORSE! AND WHEN WOULD IT SETTLE!
[-] IN SPACE WE ALREADY SAID, ASTRONOMERS CANNOT DRINK WATER, IT DOES NOT GO DOWN AND WOULD SMOTHER THEM, THE SAME AS FOOD!

So folks, humans have always been "obscurantists" and living off fables and childish stories and secrets!
IF YOU KNOW TRUTHS, YOU WOULD "SUICIDE" OR GO "RAMPANT"...!

WELL NOOOOOO! You would live to make heaven here on Earth...!
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Moon - wilipedia_org




Moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Earth's Moon. For moons in general, see Natural satellite. For other uses, see Moon (disambiguation).
The Moon Moon symbol Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon as seen from Earth's northern hemisphere


The Moon Moon symbol
Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon as seen from Earth's northern hemisphere
Designations
Adjective    lunar, selenic
Orbital characteristics
Perigee    362,570 km
(0.0024 AU)
Apogee    405,410 km
(0.0027 AU)
Semi-major axis    384,399 km
(0.00257 AU)[1]
Eccentricity    0.0549[1]
Orbital period    27.321582 d (27 d 7 h 43.1 min[1])
Synodic period    29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
Average orbital speed    1.022 km/s
Inclination    5.145° to the ecliptic[2] (between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator)[1]
Longitude of ascending node    regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years
Argument of perigee    progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite of    Earth
Physical characteristics
Mean radius    1,737.10 km  (0.273 Earths)[1][3]
Equatorial radius    1,738.14 km (0.273 Earths)[3]
Polar radius    1,735.97 km  (0.273 Earths)[3]
Flattening    0.00125
Circumference    10,921 km (equatorial)
Surface area    3.793 × 107 km2  (0.074 Earths)
Volume    2.1958 × 1010 km3  (0.020 Earths)
Mass    7.3477 × 1022 kg  (0.0123 Earths[1])
Mean density    3.3464 g/cm3[1]
Equatorial surface gravity    1.622 m/s2 (0.165 4 g)
Escape velocity    2.38 km/s
Sidereal rotation period    27.321582 d (synchronous)
Equatorial rotation velocity    4.627 m/s
Axial tilt    1.5424° (to ecliptic)
6.687° (to orbit plane)[2]
Albedo    0.136[4]
Surface temp.    min    mean    max
equator    100 K    220 K    390 K
85°N[5]    70 K    130 K    230 K
Apparent magnitude    −2.5 to −12.9[a]
−12.74 (mean full moon)[3]
Angular diameter    29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes[3][b]
Atmosphere[6]
Surface pressure    10−7 Pa (day)
10−10 Pa (night)[c]
Composition    Ar, He, Na, K, H, Rn






Hubble views of Copernicus crater (inset), which is about 58 miles (93 km) wide


Red and orange tinted Moon, as seen from Earth during a lunar eclipse, where the Earth comes between the Moon and Sun



The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth,[d][7] and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary,[e] having 27% the diameter and 60% the density of Earth, resulting in 1⁄81 its mass. The Moon is the second densest satellite after Io, a satellite of Jupiter.

The Moon is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face with its near side marked by dark volcanic maria that fill between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominent impact craters. It is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with a reflectance similar to that of coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have, since ancient times, made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art and mythology. The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and the minute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses. This matching of apparent visual size is a coincidence. The Moon's linear distance from the Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.82±0.07cm per year, but this rate is not constant.[8]

The Moon is thought to have formed nearly 4.5 billion years ago, not long after the Earth. Although there have been several hypotheses for its origin in the past, the current most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body. The Moon is the only celestial body other than Earth on which humans have set foot. The Soviet Union's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft in 1959; the United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972, with the first being Apollo 11. These missions returned over 380 kg of lunar rocks, which have been used to develop a geological understanding of the Moon's origins, the formation of its internal structure, and its subsequent history.

After the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the Moon has been visited only by unmanned spacecraft, notably by the final Soviet Lunokhod rover. Since 2004, Japan, China, India, the United States, and the European Space Agency have each sent lunar orbiters. These spacecraft have contributed to confirming the discovery of lunar water ice in permanently shadowed craters at the poles and bound into the lunar regolith. Future manned missions to the Moon have been planned, including government as well as privately funded efforts. The Moon remains, under the Outer Space Treaty, free to all nations to explore for peaceful purposes.
Contents

    1 Name and etymology
    2 Formation
    3 Physical characteristics
        3.1 Internal structure
        3.2 Surface geology
            3.2.1 Volcanic features
            3.2.2 Impact craters
            3.2.3 Presence of water
        3.3 Gravitational field
        3.4 Magnetic field
        3.5 Atmosphere
        3.6 Seasons
    4 Relationship to Earth
        4.1 Orbit
        4.2 Relative size
        4.3 Appearance from Earth
        4.4 Tidal effects
        4.5 Eclipses
    5 Study and exploration
        5.1 Early studies
        5.2 First direct exploration: 1959–1976
            5.2.1 Soviet missions
            5.2.2 United States missions
        5.3 Current era: 1990–present
    6 Astronomy from the Moon
    7 Legal status
    8 In culture
    9 See also
    10 References
    11 Further reading
    12 External links
        12.1 Cartographic resources
        12.2 Observation tools

Name and etymology

The English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is "the Moon".[9][10] The noun moon derives from moone (around 1380), which developed from mone (1135), which derives from Old English mōna (dating from before 725), which, like all Germanic language cognates, ultimately stems from Proto-Germanic *mǣnōn.[11]

The principal modern English adjective pertaining to the Moon is lunar, derived from the Latin Luna. Another less common adjective is selenic, derived from the Ancient Greek Selene (Σελήνη), from which the prefix "seleno-" (as in selenography) is derived.[12]
Formation
Main articles: Origin of the Moon and Giant impact hypothesis
The evolution of the Moon and a tour of the Moon.

Several mechanisms have been proposed for the Moon's formation 4.527 ± 0.010 billion years ago,[f] some 30–50 million years after the origin of the Solar System.[13] These included the fission of the Moon from the Earth's crust through centrifugal force[14] (which would require too great an initial spin of the Earth),[15] the gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon[16] (which would require an unfeasibly extended atmosphere of the Earth to dissipate the energy of the passing Moon),[15] and the co-formation of the Earth and the Moon together in the primordial accretion disk (which does not explain the depletion of metallic iron in the Moon).[15] These hypotheses also cannot account for the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system.[17]

The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth–Moon system formed as a result of a giant impact, where a Mars-sized body (named Theia) collided with the newly formed proto-Earth, blasting material into orbit around it, which accreted to form the Moon.[18] Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations modelling a giant impact are consistent with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system and the small size of the lunar core. These simulations also show that most of the Moon came from the impactor, not from the proto-Earth.[19] However more recent tests suggest more of the Moon coalesced from the Earth and not the impactor.[20][21][22] Meteorites show that other inner Solar System bodies such as Mars and Vesta have very different oxygen and tungsten isotopic compositions to the Earth, while the Earth and Moon have near-identical isotopic compositions. Post-impact mixing of the vaporized material between the forming Earth and Moon could have equalized their isotopic compositions,[23] although this is debated.[24]

The large amount of energy released in the giant impact event and the subsequent reaccretion of material in Earth orbit would have melted the outer shell of the Earth, forming a magma ocean.[25][26] The newly formed Moon would also have had its own lunar magma ocean; estimates for its depth range from about 500 km to the entire radius of the Moon.[25]

Despite its accuracy in explaining many lines of evidence, there are still some difficulties that are not fully explained by the giant impact hypothesis, most of them involving the Moon's composition.

In 2001, a team at the Carnegie Institute of Washington reported the most precise measurement of the isotopic signatures of lunar rocks.[27] To their surprise, the team found that the rocks from the Apollo program carried an isotopic signature that was identical with rocks from Earth, and were different from almost all other bodies in the Solar System. Since most of the material that went into orbit to form the Moon was thought to come from Theia, this observation was unexpected. In 2007, researchers from the California Institute of Technology announced that there was less than a 1% chance that Theia and Earth had identical isotopic signatures. [28] Published in 2012, an analysis of titanium isotopes in Apollo lunar samples showed that the Moon has the same composition as the Earth,[29] which conflicts with what is expected if the Moon formed far from Earth's orbit or from Theia. Variations on GIH may explain this data.
Physical characteristics
Internal structure
Main article: Internal structure of the Moon

 

Structure of the Moon
Chemical composition of the lunar surface regolith (derived from crustal rocks)[30]Compound    Formula    Composition (wt %)
Maria    Highlands
silica    SiO2    45.4%    45.5%
alumina    Al2O3    14.9%    24.0%
lime    CaO    11.8%    15.9%
iron(II) oxide    FeO    14.1%    5.9%
magnesia    MgO    9.2%    7.5%
titanium dioxide    TiO2    3.9%    0.6%
sodium oxide    Na2O    0.6%    0.6%
Total    99.9%    100.0%

The Moon is a differentiated body: it has a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and core. The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius of 240 kilometers and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron with a radius of roughly 300 kilometers. Around the core is a partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500 kilometers.[31] This structure is thought to have developed through the fractional crystallization of a global magma ocean shortly after the Moon's formation 4.5 billion years ago.[32] Crystallization of this magma ocean would have created a mafic mantle from the precipitation and sinking of the minerals olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene; after about three-quarters of the magma ocean had crystallised, lower-density plagioclase minerals could form and float into a crust on top.[33] The final liquids to crystallise would have been initially sandwiched between the crust and mantle, with a high abundance of incompatible and heat-producing elements.[1] Consistent with this, geochemical mapping from orbit shows the crust is mostly anorthosite,[6] and moon rock samples of the flood lavas erupted on the surface from partial melting in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composition, which is more iron rich than that of Earth.[1] Geophysical techniques suggest that the crust is on average ~50 km thick.[1]

The Moon is the second densest satellite in the Solar System after Io.[34] However, the inner core of the Moon is small, with a radius of about 350 km or less;[1] this is only ~20% the size of the Moon, in contrast to the ~50% of most other terrestrial bodies[clarification needed]. Its composition is not well constrained, but it is probably metallic iron alloyed with a small amount of sulphur and nickel; analyses of the Moon's time-variable rotation indicate that it is at least partly molten.[35]
Surface geology
Main articles: Geology of the Moon and Moon rocks







This full disk is nearly featureless, a uniform grey surface with almost no dark mare. There are many bright overlapping dots of impact craters.

Far side of the Moon. Note the almost complete lack of dark maria.[36]

See also: Topography of the Moon and List of features on the Moon
The dark irregular mare lava plains are prominent in the fully illuminated disk. A single bright star of ejecta, with rays stretching a third of the way across the disk, emblazons the lower centre: this is the crater Tycho.
Near side of the Moon
This full disk is nearly featureless, a uniform grey surface with almost no dark mare. There are many bright overlapping dots of impact craters.
Far side of the Moon. Note the almost complete lack of dark maria.[36]
Topography of the Moon.

The topography of the Moon has been measured with laser altimetry and stereo image analysis.[37] The most visible topographic feature is the giant far side South Pole – Aitken basin, some 2,240 km in diameter, the largest crater on the Moon and the largest known crater in the Solar System.[38][39] At 13 km deep, its floor is the lowest elevation on the Moon.[38][40] The highest elevations are found just to its north-east, and it has been suggested that this area might have been thickened by the oblique formation impact of South Pole – Aitken.[41] Other large impact basins, such as Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Smythii, and Orientale, also possess regionally low elevations and elevated rims.[38] The lunar far side is on average about 1.9 km higher than the near side.[1]
Volcanic features
Main article: Lunar mare

The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains which can clearly be seen with the naked eye are called maria (Latin for "seas"; singular mare), since they were believed by ancient astronomers to be filled with water.[42] They are now known to be vast solidified pools of ancient basaltic lava. While similar to terrestrial basalts, the mare basalts have much higher abundances of iron and are completely lacking in minerals altered by water.[43][44] The majority of these lavas erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with impact basins. Several geologic provinces containing shield volcanoes and volcanic domes are found within the near side maria.[45]

Maria are found almost exclusively on the near side of the Moon, covering 31% of the surface on the near side,[46] compared with a few scattered patches on the far side covering only 2%.[47] This is thought to be due to a concentration of heat-producing elements under the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obtained by Lunar Prospector's gamma-ray spectrometer, which would have caused the underlying mantle to heat up, partially melt, rise to the surface and erupt.[33][48][49] Most of the Moon's mare basalts erupted during the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5 billion years ago, although some radiometrically dated samples are as old as 4.2 billion years,[50] and the youngest eruptions, dated by crater counting, appear to have been only 1.2 billion years ago.[51]

The lighter-coloured regions of the Moon are called terrae, or more commonly highlands, since they are higher than most maria. They have been radiometrically dated as forming 4.4 billion years ago, and may represent plagioclase cumulates of the lunar magma ocean.[50][51] In contrast to the Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.[52]

The concentration of mare on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust of the highlands of the Far Side, which may have formed in a slow-velocity impact of a second terran moon a few tens of millions of years after the formations of the moons themselves.[53][54]
Impact craters

 A grey, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping.

A grey, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping.
Lunar crater Daedalus on the Moon's far side
See also: List of craters on the Moon

The other major geologic process that has affected the Moon's surface is impact cratering,[55] with craters formed when asteroids and comets collide with the lunar surface. There are estimated to be roughly 300,000 craters wider than 1 km on the Moon's near side alone.[56] Some of these are named for scholars, scientists, artists and explorers.[57] The lunar geologic timescale is based on the most prominent impact events, including Nectaris, Imbrium, and Orientale, structures characterized by multiple rings of uplifted material, typically hundreds to thousands of kilometres in diameter and associated with a broad apron of ejecta deposits that form a regional stratigraphic horizon.[58] The lack of an atmosphere, weather and recent geological processes mean that many of these craters are well-preserved. While only a few multi-ring basins have been definitively dated, they are useful for assigning relative ages. Since impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, counting the number of craters per unit area can be used to estimate the age of the surface.[58] The radiometric ages of impact-melted rocks collected during the Apollo missions cluster between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years old: this has been used to propose a Late Heavy Bombardment of impacts.[59]

Blanketed on top of the Moon's crust is a highly comminuted (broken into ever smaller particles) and impact gardened surface layer called regolith, formed by impact processes. The finer regolith, the lunar soil of silicon dioxide glass, has a texture like snow and smell like spent gunpowder.[60] The regolith of older surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness from 10–20 m in the highlands and 3–5 m in the maria.[61] Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the megaregolith, a layer of highly fractured bedrock many kilometres thick.[62]
Presence of water
Main article: Lunar water
Twenty degrees of latitude of the Moon's disk, completely covered in the overlapping circles of craters. The illumination angles are from all directions, keeping almost all the crater floors in sunlight, but a set of merged crater floors right at the south pole are completely shadowed.

 Twenty degrees of latitude of the Moon's disk, completely covered in the overlapping circles of craters. The illumination angles are from all directions, keeping almost all the crater floors in sunlight, but a set of merged crater floors right at the south pole are completely shadowed.

Mosaic image of the lunar south pole as taken by Clementine: note permanent polar shadow.

Liquid water cannot persist on the lunar surface. When exposed to solar radiation, water quickly decomposes through a process known as photodissociation and is lost to space. However since the 1960s, scientists have hypothesized that water ice may be deposited by impacting comets or possibly produced by the reaction of oxygen-rich lunar rocks, and hydrogen from solar wind, leaving traces of water which could possibly survive in cold, permanently shadowed craters at either pole on the Moon.[63][64] Computer simulations suggest that up to 14,000 km2 of the surface may be in permanent shadow.[65] The presence of usable quantities of water on the Moon is an important factor in rendering lunar habitation as a cost-effective plan; the alternative of transporting water from Earth would be prohibitively expensive.[66]

In years since, signatures of water have been found to exist on the lunar surface.[67] In 1994, the bistatic radar experiment located on the Clementine spacecraft, indicated the existence of small, frozen pockets of water close to the surface. However, later radar observations by Arecibo, suggest these findings may rather be rocks ejected from young impact craters.[68] In 1998, the neutron spectrometer located on the Lunar Prospector spacecraft, indicated that high concentrations of hydrogen are present in the first meter of depth in the regolith near the polar regions.[69] In 2008, an analysis of volcanic lava beads, brought back to Earth aboard Apollo 15, showed small amounts of water to exist in the interior of the beads.[70]

The 2008, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft has since confirmed the existence of surface water ice, using the on-board Moon Mineralogy Mapper. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common to hydroxyl, in reflected sunlight, providing evidence of large quantities of water ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft showed that concentrations may possibly be as high as 1,000 ppm.[71] In 2009, LCROSS sent a 2300 kg impactor into a permanently shadowed polar crater, and detected at least 100 kg of water in a plume of ejected material.[72][73] Another examination of the LCROSS data showed the amount of detected water, to be closer to 155 kilograms (± 12 kg).[74]

In May 2011, Erik Hauri et al. reported[75] 615–1410 ppm water in melt inclusions in lunar sample 74220, the famous high-titanium "orange glass soil" of volcanic origin collected during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The inclusions were formed during explosive eruptions on the Moon approximately 3.7 billion years ago. This concentration is comparable with that of magma in Earth's upper mantle. While of considerable selenological interest, Hauri's announcement affords little comfort to would-be lunar colonists—the sample originated many kilometers below the surface, and the inclusions are so difficult to access that it took 39 years to find them with a state-of-the-art ion microprobe instrument.
Gravitational field
Main article: Gravity of the Moon
Gravity field of the Moon



The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured through tracking the Doppler shift of radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft. The main lunar gravity features are mascons, large positive gravitational anomalies associated with some of the giant impact basins, partly caused by the dense mare basaltic lava flows that fill these basins.[76][77] These anomalies greatly influence the orbit of spacecraft about the Moon. There are some puzzles: lava flows by themselves cannot explain all of the gravitational signature, and some mascons exist that are not linked to mare volcanism.[78]
Magnetic field
Main article: Magnetic field of the Moon

The Moon has an external magnetic field of about 1–100 nanoteslas, less than one-hundredth that of the Earth. It does not currently have a global dipolar magnetic field, as would be generated by a liquid metal core geodynamo, and only has crustal magnetization, probably acquired early in lunar history when a geodynamo was still operating.[79][80] Alternatively, some of the remnant magnetization may be from transient magnetic fields generated during large impact events, through the expansion of an impact-generated plasma cloud in the presence of an ambient magnetic field—this is supported by the apparent location of the largest crustal magnetizations near the antipodes of the giant impact basins.[81]
Atmosphere
At sunrise and sunset many Apollo crews saw glows and light rays.[82]
Main article: Atmosphere of the Moon



The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum, with a total mass of less than 10 metric tons.[83] The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 × 10−15 atm (0.3 nPa); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, the release of atoms from the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions.[6][84] Elements that have been detected include sodium and potassium, produced by sputtering, which are also found in the atmospheres of Mercury and Io; helium-4 from the solar wind; and argon-40, radon-222, and polonium-210, outgassed after their creation by radioactive decay within the crust and mantle.[85][86] The absence of such neutral species (atoms or molecules) as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and magnesium, which are present in the regolith, is not understood.[85] Water vapour has been detected by Chandrayaan-1 and found to vary with latitude, with a maximum at ~60–70 degrees; it is possibly generated from the sublimation of water ice in the regolith.[87] These gases can either return into the regolith due to the Moon's gravity or be lost to space, either through solar radiation pressure or, if they are ionized, by being swept away by the solar wind's magnetic field.[85]
Seasons
The Moon's north pole during summer.



The Moon's axial tilt with respect to the ecliptic is only 1.54°,[88] much less than the 23.44° of the Earth. Because of this, the Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, and topographical details play a crucial role in seasonal effects.[89] From images taken by Clementine in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of Peary crater at the Moon's north pole may remain illuminated for the entire lunar day, creating peaks of eternal light. No such regions exist at the south pole. Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters,[65] and these dark craters are extremely cold: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at 35 K (−238 °C)[90] and just 26 K close to the winter solstice in north polar Hermite Crater. This is the coldest temperature in the Solar System ever measured by a spacecraft, colder even than the surface of Pluto.[89]
Relationship to Earth

 The Earth has a pronounced axial tilt; the Moon's orbit is not perpendicular to Earth's axis, but lies close to the Earth's orbital plane.

The Earth has a pronounced axial tilt; the Moon's orbit is not perpendicular to Earth's axis, but lies close to the Earth's orbital plane.
Schematic of the Earth–Moon system (without a consistent scale)
Orbit
Main articles: Orbit of the Moon and Lunar theory




The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days[g] (its sidereal period). However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days[h] (its synodic period).[46] Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits nearer the ecliptic plane than to the planet's equatorial plane. The Moon's orbit is subtly perturbed by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbital motion gradually rotates, which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by Cassini's laws.[91]
Earth and Moon, showing their sizes and distance to scale. The yellow bar represents a pulse of light traveling from Earth to Moon in 1.26 seconds.
Relative size

The Moon is exceptionally large relative to the Earth: a quarter the diameter of the planet and 1/81 its mass.[46] It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, though Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto's mass.[92]

However, the Earth and Moon are still considered a planet–satellite system, rather than a double-planet system, as their barycentre, the common centre of mass, is located 1,700 km (about a quarter of the Earth's radius) beneath the surface of the Earth.[93]
Appearance from Earth


Appearance from Earth






Moon setting in western sky over High Desert (California)
See also: Lunar phase, Earthshine, and Observing the Moon

The Moon is in synchronous rotation: it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit the Earth. This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards the Earth. The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became tidally locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by the Earth.[94] The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite side the far side. The far side is often called the "dark side", but in fact, it is illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark.[95]

The Moon has an exceptionally low albedo, giving it a similar reflectance to coal. Despite this, it is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun.[46][i] This is partly due to the brightness enhancement of the opposition effect; at quarter phase, the Moon is only one-tenth as bright, rather than half as bright, as at full moon.[96]

Additionally, colour constancy in the visual system recalibrates the relations between the colours of an object and its surroundings, and since the surrounding sky is comparatively dark, the sunlit Moon is perceived as a bright object. The edges of the full moon seem as bright as the centre, with no limb darkening, due to the reflective properties of lunar soil, which reflects more light back towards the Sun than in other directions. The Moon does appear larger when close to the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, known as the Moon illusion, first described in the 7th century BC.[97] The full moon subtends an arc of about 0.52° (on average) in the sky, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see eclipses).
The monthly changes of angle between the direction of illumination by the Sun and viewing from Earth, and the phases of the Moon that result



The highest altitude of the Moon in the sky varies: while it has nearly the same limit as the Sun, it alters with the lunar phase and with the season of the year, with the full moon highest during winter. The 18.6-year nodes cycle also has an influence: when the ascending node of the lunar orbit is in the vernal equinox, the lunar declination can go as far as 28° each month. This means the Moon can go overhead at latitudes up to 28° from the equator, instead of only 18°. The orientation of the Moon's crescent also depends on the latitude of the observation site: close to the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent Moon.[98]

The distance between the Moon and the Earth varies from around 356,400 km to 406,700 km at the extreme perigees (closest) and apogees (farthest). On 19 March 2011, it was closer to the Earth while at full phase than it has been since 1993.[99] Reported as a "super moon", this closest point coincides within an hour of a full moon, and it thus appeared 30 percent brighter, and 14 percent larger than when at its greatest distance.[100][101][102]

There has been historical controversy over whether features on the Moon's surface change over time. Today, many of these claims are thought to be illusory, resulting from observation under different lighting conditions, poor astronomical seeing, or inadequate drawings. However, outgassing does occasionally occur, and could be responsible for a minor percentage of the reported lunar transient phenomena. Recently, it has been suggested that a roughly 3 km diameter region of the lunar surface was modified by a gas release event about a million years ago.[103][104] The Moon's appearance, like that of the Sun, can be affected by Earth's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° halo ring formed when the Moon's light is refracted through the ice crystals of high cirrostratus cloud, and smaller coronal rings when the Moon is seen through thin clouds.[105]
Tidal effects
Main articles: Tidal force, Tidal acceleration, Tide, and Theory of tides

The tides on the Earth are mostly generated by the gradient in intensity of the Moon's gravitational pull from one side of the Earth to the other, the tidal forces. This forms two tidal bulges on the Earth, which are most clearly seen in elevated sea level as ocean tides.[106] Since the Earth spins about 27 times faster than the Moon moves around it, the bulges are dragged along with the Earth's surface faster than the Moon moves, rotating around the Earth once a day as it spins on its axis.[106] The ocean tides are magnified by other effects: frictional coupling of water to Earth's rotation through the ocean floors, the inertia of water's movement, ocean basins that get shallower near land, and oscillations between different ocean basins.[107] The gravitational attraction of the Sun on the Earth's oceans is almost half that of the Moon, and their gravitational interplay is responsible for spring and neap tides.[106]
Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from the surface of the Earth.
The libration of the Moon over a single lunar month.

Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from the surface of the Earth.

Gravitational coupling between the Moon and the bulge nearest the Moon acts as a torque on the Earth's rotation, draining angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy from the Earth's spin.[106][108] In turn, angular momentum is added to the Moon's orbit, accelerating it, which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit with a longer period. As a result, the distance between the Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's spin slowing down.[108] Measurements from lunar ranging experiments with laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions have found that the Moon's distance to the Earth increases by 38 mm per year[109] (though this is only 0.10 ppb/year of the radius of the Moon's orbit). Atomic clocks also show that the Earth's day lengthens by about 15 microseconds every year,[110] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Left to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of the Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched. However, the Sun will become a red giant long before that, engulfing the Earth.[111][112]

The lunar surface also experiences tides of amplitude ~10 cm over 27 days, with two components: a fixed one due to the Earth, because they are in synchronous rotation, and a varying component from the Sun.[108] The Earth-induced component arises from libration, a result of the Moon's orbital eccentricity; if the Moon's orbit were perfectly circular, there would only be solar tides.[108] Libration also changes the angle from which the Moon is seen, allowing about 59% of its surface to be seen from the Earth (but only half at any instant).[46] The cumulative effects of stress built up by these tidal forces produces moonquakes. Moonquakes are much less common and weaker than earthquakes, although they can last for up to an hour—a significantly longer time than terrestrial earthquakes—because of the absence of water to damp out the seismic vibrations. The existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from seismometers placed on the Moon by Apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972.[113]
Eclipses
Main articles: Solar eclipse, Lunar eclipse, and Eclipse cycle
The fiercely bright disk of the Sun is completely obscured by the exact fit of the disk of the dark, non-illuminated Moon, leaving only the radial, fuzzy, glowing coronal filaments of the Sun around the edge.


The fiercely bright disk of the Sun is completely obscured by the exact fit of the disk of the dark, non-illuminated Moon, leaving only the radial, fuzzy, glowing coronal filaments of the Sun around the edge.

The 1999 solar eclipse


The bright disk of the Sun, showing many coronal filaments, flares and grainy patches in the wavelength of this image, is partly obscured by a small dark disk: here, the Moon covers less than a fifteenth of the Sun.

The Moon passing in front of the Sun, from the STEREO-B spacecraft.[114]












The 1999 solar eclipse
The bright disk of the Sun, showing many coronal filaments, flares and grainy patches in the wavelength of this image, is partly obscured by a small dark disk: here, the Moon covers less than a fifteenth of the Sun.
The Moon passing in front of the Sun, from the STEREO-B spacecraft.[114]
From the Earth, the Moon and Sun appear the same size. From a satellite in an Earth-trailing orbit, the Moon may appear smaller than the Sun.




Scaling the Earth down to the size of a basketball, the Moon is roughly the size of a tennis ball. The Moon's orbit correlates closely to the 3-point shooting line of a basketball court. With the floor taken to be the ecliptic plane, the Moon's orbit reaches a maximum height out of this plane about the length of a tennis racket. Eclipses can only occur when the Moon's path crosses through the ecliptic so that the Sun-Moon-Earth, or Sun-Earth-Moon, are aligned.

Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed "syzygy"). Solar eclipses occur at new moon, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, lunar eclipses occur at full moon, when the Earth is between the Sun and Moon. The apparent size of the Moon is roughly the same as that of the Sun, with both being viewed at close to one-half a degree wide. The Sun is much larger than the Moon but it is the precise vastly greater distance that coincidentally gives it the same apparent size as the much closer and much smaller Moon from the perspective of the Earth. The variations in apparent size, due to the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, though occurring in different cycles. This makes possible both total (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and annular (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses.[115] In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar corona becomes visible to the naked eye. Since the distance between the Moon and the Earth is very slowly increasing over time,[106] the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. This means that hundreds of millions of years ago the Moon would always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses, and no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, about 600 million years from now (if the angular diameter of the Sun does not change), the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely, and only annular eclipses will occur.[116]

Because the Moon's orbit around the Earth is inclined by about 5° to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, eclipses do not occur at every full and new moon. For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the intersection of the two orbital planes.[116] The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses of the Sun by the Moon, and of the Moon by the Earth, is described by the saros cycle, which has a period of approximately 18 years.[117]

As the Moon is continuously blocking our view of a half-degree-wide circular area of the sky,[j][118] the related phenomenon of occultation occurs when a bright star or planet passes behind the Moon and is occulted: hidden from view. In this way, a solar eclipse is an occultation of the Sun. Because the Moon is comparatively close to the Earth, occultations of individual stars are not visible everywhere on the planet, nor at the same time. Because of the precession of the lunar orbit, each year different stars are occulted.[119]
Study and exploration
See also: Robotic exploration of the Moon, List of current and future lunar missions, Colonization of the Moon, and List of man-made objects on the Moon

 On an open folio page is a carefully drawn disk of the full moon. In the upper corners of the page are waving banners held aloft by pairs of winged cherubs. In the lower left page corner a cherub assists another to measure distances with a pair of compasses; in the lower right corner a cherub views the main map through a handheld telescope, while another, kneeling, peers at the map from over a low cloth-draped table.

On an open folio page is a carefully drawn disk of the full moon. In the upper corners of the page are waving banners held aloft by pairs of winged cherubs. In the lower left page corner a cherub assists another to measure distances with a pair of compasses; in the lower right corner a cherub views the main map through a handheld telescope, while another, kneeling, peers at the map from over a low cloth-draped table.
Map of the Moon by Johannes Hevelius from his Selenographia (1647), the first map to include the libration zones.
Early studies
Main articles: Exploration of the Moon: Early history, Selenography, and Lunar theory

Understanding of the Moon's cycles was an early development of astronomy: by the 5th century BC, Babylonian astronomers had recorded the 18-year Saros cycle of lunar eclipses,[120] and Indian astronomers had described the Moon's monthly elongation.[121] The Chinese astronomer Shi Shen (fl. 4th century BC) gave instructions for predicting solar and lunar eclipses.[122] Later, the physical form of the Moon and the cause of moonlight became understood. The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former.[123][124] Although the Chinese of the Han Dynasty believed the Moon to be energy equated to qi, their 'radiating influence' theory also recognized that the light of the Moon was merely a reflection of the Sun, and Jing Fang (78–37 BC) noted the sphericity of the Moon.[125] In 2nd century AD Lucian wrote a novel where the heroes travel to the Moon, which is inhabited. In 499 AD, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata mentioned in his Aryabhatiya that reflected sunlight is the cause of the shining of the Moon.[126] The astronomer and physicist Alhazen (965–1039) found that sunlight was not reflected from the Moon like a mirror, but that light was emitted from every part of the Moon's sunlit surface in all directions.[127] Shen Kuo (1031–1095) of the Song Dynasty created an allegory equating the waxing and waning of the Moon to a round ball of reflective silver that, when doused with white powder and viewed from the side, would appear to be a crescent.[128]

In Aristotle's (384–322 BC) description of the universe, the Moon marked the boundary between the spheres of the mutable elements (earth, water, air and fire), and the imperishable stars of aether, an influential philosophy that would dominate for centuries.[129] However, in the 2nd century BC, Seleucus of Seleucia correctly theorized that tides were due to the attraction of the Moon, and that their height depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.[130] In the same century, Aristarchus computed the size and distance of the Moon from Earth, obtaining a value of about twenty times the Earth radius for the distance. These figures were greatly improved by Ptolemy (90–168 AD): his values of a mean distance of 59 times the Earth's radius and a diameter of 0.292 Earth diameters were close to the correct values of about 60 and 0.273 respectively.[131] Archimedes (287–212 BC) invented a planetarium calculating motions of the Moon and the known planets.[132]

During the Middle Ages, before the invention of the telescope, the Moon was increasingly recognised as a sphere, though many believed that it was "perfectly smooth".[133] In 1609, Galileo Galilei drew one of the first telescopic drawings of the Moon in his book Sidereus Nuncius and noted that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. Telescopic mapping of the Moon followed: later in the 17th century, the efforts of Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi led to the system of naming of lunar features in use today. The more exact 1834–36 Mappa Selenographica of Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler, and their associated 1837 book Der Mond, the first trigonometrically accurate study of lunar features, included the heights of more than a thousand mountains, and introduced the study of the Moon at accuracies possible in earthly geography.[134] Lunar craters, first noted by Galileo, were thought to be volcanic until the 1870s proposal of Richard Proctor that they were formed by collisions.[46] This view gained support in 1892 from the experimentation of geologist Grove Karl Gilbert, and from comparative studies from 1920 to the 1940s,[135] leading to the development of lunar stratigraphy, which by the 1950s was becoming a new and growing branch of astrogeology.[46]
First direct exploration: 1959–1976
Soviet missions
Main articles: Luna program and Lunokhod programme
Lunokhod 1 (lit. moonwalker), the first successful space rover.



The Cold War-inspired Space Race between the Soviet Union and the U.S. led to an acceleration of interest in exploration of the Moon. Once launchers had the necessary capabilities, these nations sent unmanned probes on both flyby and impact/lander missions. Spacecraft from the Soviet Union's Luna program were the first to accomplish a number of goals: following three unnamed, failed missions in 1958,[136] the first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass near the Moon was Luna 1; the first man-made object to impact the lunar surface was Luna 2, and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by Luna 3, all in 1959.

The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was Luna 9 and the first unmanned vehicle to orbit the Moon was Luna 10, both in 1966.[46] Rock and soil samples were brought back to Earth by three Luna sample return missions (Luna 16 in 1970, Luna 20 in 1972, and Luna 24 in 1976), which returned 0.3 kg total.[137] Two pioneering robotic rovers landed on the Moon in 1970 and 1973 as a part of Soviet Lunokhod programme.
United States missions
Main articles: Apollo program and Moon landing


The small blue-white semicircle of the Earth, almost glowing with colour in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.

Earth as viewed from Lunar orbit during the Apollo 8 mission, Christmas Eve, 1968. Africa is at the sunset terminator, both Americas are under cloud, and Antarctica is at the left end of the terminator.


Neil Armstrong and a U.S. flag


The small blue-white semicircle of the Earth, almost glowing with colour in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.
Earth as viewed from Lunar orbit during the Apollo 8 mission, Christmas Eve, 1968. Africa is at the sunset terminator, both Americas are under cloud, and Antarctica is at the left end of the terminator.
Neil Armstrong and a U.S. flag

The United States launched unmanned probes to develop an understanding of the lunar surface for an eventual manned landing: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Surveyor program landed its first spacecraft four months after Luna 9. NASA's manned Apollo program was developed in parallel; after a series of unmanned and manned tests of the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit, and spurred on by a potential Soviet lunar flight, in 1968 Apollo 8 made the first crewed mission to lunar orbit. The subsequent landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969 is seen by many as the culmination of the Space Race.[138] Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969.[139] The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except Apollo 13, which aborted its planned lunar landing) returned 382 kg of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 separate samples.[140] The American Moon landing and return was enabled by considerable technological advances in the early 1960s, in domains such as ablation chemistry, software engineering and atmospheric re-entry technology, and by highly competent management of the enormous technical undertaking.[141][142]

Scientific instrument packages were installed on the lunar surface during all the Apollo landings. Long-lived instrument stations, including heat flow probes, seismometers, and magnetometers, were installed at the Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 landing sites. Direct transmission of data to Earth concluded in late 1977 due to budgetary considerations,[143][144] but as the stations' lunar laser ranging corner-cube retroreflector arrays are passive instruments, they are still being used. Ranging to the stations is routinely performed from Earth-based stations with an accuracy of a few centimetres, and data from this experiment are being used to place constraints on the size of the lunar core.[145]
Current era: 1990–present

 The dark shadowed disk of the Moon moves across the face of the quarter-phase Earth, covering only a small part of the cloud-swirled semicircle.

The dark shadowed disk of the Moon moves across the face of the quarter-phase Earth, covering only a small part of the cloud-swirled semicircle.
Earth and the Moon, as imaged by Deep Impact in September 2008 at a separation of 50 million km[146]

Post-Apollo and Luna, many more countries have become involved in direct exploration of the Moon. In 1990, Japan became the third country to place a spacecraft into lunar orbit with its Hiten spacecraft. The spacecraft released a smaller probe, Hagoromo, in lunar orbit, but the transmitter failed, preventing further scientific use of the mission.[147] In 1994, the U.S. sent the joint Defense Department/NASA spacecraft Clementine to lunar orbit. This mission obtained the first near-global topographic map of the Moon, and the first global multispectral images of the lunar surface.[148] This was followed in 1998 by the Lunar Prospector mission, whose instruments indicated the presence of excess hydrogen at the lunar poles, which is likely to have been caused by the presence of water ice in the upper few meters of the regolith within permanently shadowed craters.[149]

The European spacecraft SMART-1, the second ion-propelled spacecraft, was in lunar orbit from 15 November 2004 until its lunar impact on 3 September 2006, and made the first detailed survey of chemical elements on the lunar surface.[150] China has expressed ambitious plans for exploring the Moon, and successfully orbited its first spacecraft, Chang'e-1, from 5 November 2007 until its controlled lunar impact on 1 March 2008.[151] In its sixteen-month mission, it obtained a full image map of the Moon. Between 4 October 2007 and 10 June 2009, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Kaguya (Selene) mission, a lunar orbiter fitted with a high-definition video camera, and two small radio-transmitter satellites, obtained lunar geophysics data and took the first high-definition movies from beyond Earth orbit.[152][153] India's first lunar mission, Chandrayaan I, orbited from 8 November 2008 until loss of contact on 27 August 2009, creating a high resolution chemical, mineralogical and photo-geological map of the lunar surface, and confirming the presence of water molecules in lunar soil.[154] The Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch Chandrayaan II in 2013, which is slated to include a Russian robotic lunar rover.[155][156]
Explore what the discovery of lunar valleys tells us about the moon's evolution.

The U.S. co-launched the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and the LCROSS impactor and follow-up observation orbiter on 18 June 2009; LCROSS completed its mission by making a planned and widely observed impact in the crater Cabeus on 9 October 2009,[157] while LRO is currently in operation, obtaining precise lunar altimetry and high-resolution imagery. In November 2011, the LRO passed over the Aristarchus crater, which spans 40 kilometres and sinks more than 3.5 kilometres deep. The crater is one of the most visible ones from Earth. "The Aristarchus plateau is one of the most geologically diverse places on the Moon: a mysterious raised flat plateau, a giant rille carved by enormous outpourings of lava, fields of explosive volcanic ash, and all surrounded by massive flood basalts", said Mark Robinson, principal investigator of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera at Arizona State University. NASA released photos of the crater on 25 December 2011.[158]

Two GRAIL spacecraft begin orbiting the Moon around 1 January 2012.[159]

Other upcoming lunar missions include Russia's Luna-Glob: an unmanned lander, set of seismometers, and an orbiter based on its Martian Fobos-Grunt mission, which is slated to launch in 2012.[160][161] Privately funded lunar exploration has been promoted by the Google Lunar X Prize, announced 13 September 2007, which offers US$20 million to anyone who can land a robotic rover on the Moon and meet other specified criteria.[162] Shackleton Energy Company is building a program to establish operations on the south pole of the Moon to harvest water and supply their Propellant Depots.[163]

NASA began to plan to resume manned missions following the call by U.S. President George W. Bush on 14 January 2004 for a manned mission to the Moon by 2019 and the construction of a lunar base by 2024.[164] The Constellation program was funded and construction and testing begun on a manned spacecraft and launch vehicle,[165] and design studies for a lunar base.[166] However, that program has been cancelled in favour of a manned asteroid landing by 2025 and a manned Mars orbit by 2035.[167] India has also expressed its hope to send a manned mission to the Moon by 2020.[168]
Astronomy from the Moon

 

This is a picture of Earth in ultraviolet light, taken from the surface of the Moon. The day-side reflects a lot of UV light from the Sun, but the night-side shows bands of UV emission from the aurora caused by charged particles.[169]

For many years, the Moon has been recognized as an excellent site for telescopes.[170] It is relatively nearby; astronomical seeing is not a concern; certain craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold, and thus especially useful for infrared telescopes; and radio telescopes on the far side would be shielded from the radio chatter of Earth.[171] The lunar soil, although it poses a problem for any moving parts of telescopes, can be mixed with carbon nanotubes and epoxies in the construction of mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter.[172] A lunar zenith telescope can be made cheaply with ionic liquid.[173]

In April 1972, the Apollo 16 mission recorded various astronomical photos and spectra in ultraviolet with the Lunar Surface Ultraviolet Camera.[174]
Legal status
Main article: Space law

Although Luna landers scattered pennants of the Soviet Union on the Moon, and U.S. flags were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the Apollo astronauts, no nation currently claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface.[175] Russia and the U.S. are party to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty,[176] which defines the Moon and all outer space as the "province of all mankind".[175] This treaty also restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and weapons of mass destruction.[177] The 1979 Moon Agreement was created to restrict the exploitation of the Moon's resources by any single nation, but it has not been signed by any of the space-faring nations.[178] While several individuals have made claims to the Moon in whole or in part, none of these are considered credible.[179][180][181]
In culture
Further information: Moon in fiction, Lunar calendar, Metonic cycle, Lunar deity, Lunar effect, and Blue moon
Luna, the Moon, from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti's Liber astronomiae.

The Moon's regular phases make it a very convenient timepiece, and the periods of its waxing and waning form the basis of many of the oldest calendars. Tally sticks, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon.[182][183][184] The ~30-day month is an approximation of the lunar cycle. The English noun month and its cognates in other Germanic languages stem from Proto-Germanic *mǣnṓth-, which is connected to the above mentioned Proto-Germanic *mǣnōn, indicating the usage of a lunar calendar among the Germanic peoples (Germanic calendar) prior to the adoption of a solar calendar.[185] The same Indo-European root as moon led, via Latin, to measure and menstrual, words which echo the Moon's importance to many ancient cultures in measuring time (see Latin mensis and Ancient Greek μήνας (mēnas), meaning "month").[186][187]
A crescent Moon and "star" (here the planet Venus) are a common symbol of Islam, appearing in flags like:  (Turkey),  (Tunisia) and  (Pakistan).

 

The Moon has been the subject of many works of art and literature and the inspiration for countless others. It is a motif in the visual arts, the performing arts, poetry, prose and music. A 5,000-year-old rock carving at Knowth, Ireland, may represent the Moon, which would be the earliest depiction discovered.[188] The contrast between the brighter highlands and the darker maria creates the patterns seen by different cultures as the Man in the Moon, the rabbit and the buffalo, among others. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Moon was personified as a deity or other supernatural phenomenon, and astrological views of the Moon continue to be propagated today.

The Moon has a long association with insanity and irrationality; the words lunacy and lunatic (popular shortening loony) are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, Luna. Philosophers Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.[189] Even today, people insist that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full moon, although there is no scientific evidence to support such claims.[189]
See also
Portal icon    Solar System portal
Portal icon    Moon portal
Book icon   

    Book: The Moon
    Book: Solar System

    Other moons of Earth
    Moon illusion

References

Notes

    ^ The maximum value is given based on scaling of the brightness from the value of −12.74 given for an equator to Moon-centre distance of 378 000 km in the NASA factsheet reference to the minimum Earth–Moon distance given there, after the latter is corrected for the Earth's equatorial radius of 6 378 km, giving 350 600 km. The minimum value (for a distant new moon) is based on a similar scaling using the maximum Earth–Moon distance of 407 000 km (given in the factsheet) and by calculating the brightness of the earthshine onto such a new moon. The brightness of the earthshine is [ Earth albedo × (Earth radius / Radius of Moon's orbit)2 ] relative to the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full moon. (Earth albedo = 0.367; Earth radius = (polar radius × equatorial radius)½ = 6 367 km.)
    ^ The range of angular size values given are based on simple scaling of the following values given in the fact sheet reference: at an Earth-equator to Moon-centre distance of 378 000 km, the angular size is 1896 arcseconds. The same fact sheet gives extreme Earth–Moon distances of 407 000 km and 357 000 km. For the maximum angular size, the minimum distance has to be corrected for the Earth's equatorial radius of 6 378 km, giving 350 600 km.
    ^ Lucey et al. (2006) give 107 particles cm−3 by day and 105 particles cm−3 by night. Along with equatorial surface temperatures of 390 K by day and 100 K by night, the ideal gas law yields the pressures given in the infobox (rounded to the nearest order of magnitude): 10−7 Pa by day and 10−10 Pa by night.
    ^ There are a number of near-Earth asteroids including 3753 Cruithne that are co-orbital with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term (Morais et al, 2002). These are quasi-satellites – they are not moons as they do not orbit the Earth. For more information, see Other moons of Earth.
    ^ Charon is proportionally larger in comparison to Pluto, but Pluto has been reclassified as a dwarf planet.
    ^ This age is calculated from isotope dating of lunar rocks.
    ^ More accurately, the Moon's mean sidereal period (fixed star to fixed star) is 27.321661 days (27d 07h 43m 11.5s), and its mean tropical orbital period (from equinox to equinox) is 27.321582 days (27d 07h 43m 04.7s) (Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, 1961, at p.107).
    ^ More accurately, the Moon's mean synodic period (between mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589 days (29d 12h 44m 02.9s) (Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, 1961, at p.107).
    ^ The Sun's apparent magnitude is −26.7, and the full moon's apparent magnitude is −12.7.
    ^ On average, the Moon covers an area of 0.21078 square degrees on the night sky.

Citations

    ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wieczorek, M. et al. (2006). "The constitution and structure of the lunar interior". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 60 (1): 221–364. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.3.
    ^ a b Lang, Kenneth R. (2011); The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press
    ^ a b c d e Williams, Dr. David R. (2 February 2006). "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Retrieved 31 December 2008.
    ^ Matthews, Grant (2008). "Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES". Applied Optics 47 (27): 4981–93. Bibcode:2008ApOpt..47.4981M. doi:10.1364/AO.47.004981. PMID 18806861.
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    ^ Appleton, James; Radley, Charles; Deans, John; Harvey, Simon; Burt, Paul; Haxell, Michael; Adams, Roy; Spooner N.; Brieske, Wayne (1977). "OASI Newsletters Archive". NASA Turns A Deaf Ear To The Moon. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
    ^ Dickey, J. et al. (1994). "Lunar laser ranging: a continuing legacy of the Apollo program". Science 265 (5171): 482–490. Bibcode:1994Sci...265..482D. doi:10.1126/science.265.5171.482. PMID 17781305.
    ^ Astronomy Picture of the Day, 2008 September 3
    ^ "Hiten-Hagomoro". NASA. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ "Clementine information". NASA. 1994. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ "Lunar Prospector: Neutron Spectrometer". NASA. 2001. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ "SMART-1 factsheet". European Space Agency. 26 February 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ "China's first lunar probe ends mission". Xinhua. 1 March 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ "KAGUYA Mission Profile". JAXA. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "KAGUYA (SELENE) World's First Image Taking of the Moon by HDTV". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 7 November 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "Mission Sequence". Indian Space Research Organisation. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation: Future Program". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "India and Russia Sign an Agreement on Chandrayaan-2". Indian Space Research Organisation. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS): Strategy & Astronomer Observation Campaign". NASA. October 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "Giant moon crater revealed in spectacular up-close photos". MSNBC. Space.com. 6 January 2012.
    ^ Chang, Alicia (26 December 2011). "Twin probes to circle moon to study gravity field". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
    ^ Covault, C. (4 June 2006). "Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission". Aviation Week. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    ^ "Russia to send mission to Mars this year, Moon in three years". "TV-Novosti". 25 February 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "About the Google Lunar X Prize". X-Prize Foundation. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
    ^ Wall, Mike (14 January 2011). "Mining the Moon's Water: Q&A with Shackleton Energy's Bill Stone". Space News.
    ^ "President Bush Offers New Vision For NASA" (Press release). NASA. 14 December 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    ^ "Constellation". NASA. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
    ^ "NASA Unveils Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture" (Press release). NASA. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    ^ NASAtelevision (15 April 2010). "President Obama Pledges Total Commitment to NASA". YouTube. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
    ^ "India's Space Agency Proposes Manned Spaceflight Program". SPACE.com. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
    ^ NASA - Ultraviolet Waves
    ^ Takahashi, Yuki (September 1999). "Mission Design for Setting up an Optical Telescope on the Moon". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
    ^ Chandler, David (15 February 2008). "MIT to lead development of new telescopes on moon". MIT News. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
    ^ Naeye, Robert (6 April 2008). "NASA Scientists Pioneer Method for Making Giant Lunar Telescopes". Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
    ^ Bell, Trudy (9 October 2008). "Liquid Mirror Telescopes on the Moon". Science News. NASA. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
    ^ Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph
    ^ a b "Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ "How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ "Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ "The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals?". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ "Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004)". International Institute of Space Law. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ "Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009)". International Institute of Space Law. 22 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
    ^ Marshack, Alexander (1991): The Roots of Civilization, Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.
    ^ Brooks, A. S. and Smith, C. C. (1987): "Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations", The African Archaeological Review, 5 : 65–78.
    ^ Duncan, David Ewing (1998). The Calendar. Fourth Estate Ltd. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-85702-721-1.
    ^ For etymology, see Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Harper Collins. p. 487. ISBN 978-0-06-270084-1. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see Birley, A. R. (Trans.) (1999). Agricola and Germany. Oxford World's Classics. USA: Oxford. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-19-283300-6.
    ^ Smith, William George (1849). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia 3. J. Walton. p. 768. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ Estienne, Henri (1846). Thesaurus graecae linguae 5. Didot. p. 1001. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
    ^ "Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos". Space Today Online. 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    ^ a b Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (2009). "Lunacy and the Full Moon". Scientific American. Retrieved 13 April 2010.

Bibliography

    Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth. Taipei: Caves Books. ISBN 978-0-521-05801-8.

Further reading

    The Moon. Discovery 2008. BBC World Service.
    Bussey, B.; Spudis, P.D. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81528-2.
    Cain, Fraser. "Where does the Moon Come From?". Universe Today. Retrieved 1 April 2008. (podcast and transcript)
    Jolliff, B.; Wieczorek, M.; Shearer, C.; Neal, C. (eds.) (2006). "New views of the Moon". Rev. Mineral. Geochem. (Chantilly, Virginia: Min. Soc. Amer.) 60 (1): 721. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0. ISBN 0-939950-72-3. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    Jones, E.M. (2006). "Apollo Lunar Surface Journal". NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    "Exploring the Moon". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    Mackenzie, Dana (2003). The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-15057-6.
    Moore, P. (2001). On the Moon. Tucson, Arizona: Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 0-304-35469-4.
    "Moon Articles". Planetary Science Research Discoveries.
    Spudis, P. D. (1996). The Once and Future Moon. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-634-4.
    Taylor, S.R. (1992). Solar system evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-521-37212-7.
    Teague, K. (2006). "The Project Apollo Archive". Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    Wilhelms, D.E. (1987). "Geologic History of the Moon". U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 1348. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    Wilhelms, D.E. (1993). To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1065-2. Retrieved 10 March 2009.

External links
Find more about Moon at Wikipedia's sister projects
    Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
    Media from Commons
    Learning resources from Wikiversity
    News stories from Wikinews
    Quotations from Wikiquote
    Source texts from Wikisource
    Textbooks from Wikibooks
    Travel information from Wikivoyage

    APOD - Video of lunar drive

Cartographic resources

    "Consolidated Lunar Atlas". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
    Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature (USGS) List of feature names.
    "Clementine Lunar Image Browser". U.S. Navy. 15 October 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    3D zoomable globes:
        "Google Moon". Google. 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
        "Moon". World Wind Central. NASA. 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
    Aeschliman, R. "Lunar Maps". Planetary Cartography and Graphics. Retrieved 12 April 2007. Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites
    Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Kaguya (Selene) images

Observation tools

    "NASA's SKYCAL—Sky Events Calendar". NASA Eclipse Home Page. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
    "Find moonrise, moonset and moonphase for a location". 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
    "HMNAO's Moon Watch". 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2009. See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location.

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